湖州地震台观测资料在汶川8.0级地震中的映震效应综合研究

在湖州地震台现有的形变、测震、流体三大学科的观测资料基础上,对汶川8.0级地震中的映震效应综合研究,得出了水管倾斜仪、伸缩仪,这两套仪器的NS、EW两个分项,在同一个观测环境中,仪器记录的同一个地震,精度高的分量,振幅不一定大;钻孔应变仪和伸缩仪、水位、水温仪安装不同的地点,两个观测点直线距离大约五公里,从记录资料上看,两者反映地下介质变化是一致的;地形观测资料的映震效应初始时间基本和p波到时同步,流体观测资料的映震效应初始时间基本和S波到时同步。     

Life cycle assessment of an industrial symbiosis based on energy recovery from dried sludge and used oil

Recovering energy from wastes is a useful strategy for integrated waste and energy management in an eco-industrial park (EIP) and gives promising reduction of wastes, total energy consumption and operation cost. In Jinqiao EIP, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, an industrial symbiosis, based on the energy recovery from municipal sewage sludge and re-refined oil, was proposed in the central heat-supplying company of Jinqiao EIP. It is expected that hot off-gas or part of the steam from the central heat-supplying company could be used for sludge drying and used oil re-refining while the dried sludge and refined oil can be partial substitution for fossil fuel. For the purpose of assessing the environmental performance of this industrial symbiosis, life cycle assessment (LCA) was used and different scenarios were set up in this study to evaluate the Global warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), Eutrophication Potential (EP), Human toxicity air (HTA) and Total Environmental Impact Potential (TEIP) of the system. Results indicate that when the substitute ratio of coal by sludge is 14%, the proposed industrial symbiosis has the least environmental impact. Compared with the current situation (sludge is landfilled), co-combustion of dried sludge and re-refined oil with coal at optimal scale will release less CO₂, CH₄, NO_x, N₂O and CO, but more SO₂, H₂S, NH₃, HCl, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and heavy metals.     

Treatment of phosphorus waste water using crystallization method

Phosphorus is the restrictive factor of water eutrophication and phosphorus removal is the key point to control this phenomenon. It's also important to recover phosphorus resource from wastewater. Crystallization method was used to treat and recycle high concentration phosphorus wastewater, the selection of organic solvent, influence of volume ratio of organic solvent and wastewater, precipitation time and stirring speed on the production of crystal and its structure was investigated. Experimental results indicate that, with ethanol as extractant, under the condition of volume ratio of ethanol to wastewater being 1.5:1 and stirring speed about 200 r/min, crystal precipitated fast with fine crystal shape and purity, phosphorus removal efficiency more than 85% was obtained.     

Chlorobenzenes and organochlorinated pesticides in vegetable soils from an industrial site, China

Organochlorinated compounds are ubiquitous contaminants in the environment, especially in industrial sites. The objective of the work was to investigate whether a vegetable field near an industrial site is safe for vegetable production. The residues of chlorobenzenes (CBs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) in a vegetable field which was near a chemical plant in China were characterized. Point estimate quotient was used for ecological risk assessment of the investigated site. The results showed that all CBs except monochlorobenzene (MCB) were detected in soils. The total concentrations of ∑CBs ranged from 71.06 to 716.57 ng/g, with a mean concentration of 434.93 ng/g. The main components of CBs in soil samples were dichlorobenzenes (DCBs), trichlorobenzenes (TCBs) and tetrachlorobenzenes (TeCBs), while for single congeners, 1,2,4-TCB had the highest concentration, which ranged from 13.21 to 210.35 ng/g with a mean concentration of 111.89 ng/g. Residues of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in soil samples ranged from 0.9 to 11.79 ng/g, significantly lower than ∑DCB, ∑TCB and ∑TeCB. Concentrations of ∑HCHs and ∑DDTs in soils ranged from 11.32 to 55.24 ng/g and from 195.63 to 465.58 ng/g, respectively, of which the main components were αup-HCH and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE). Ecological risk assessment for the investigated site showed that the most potential risks were from TCBs and TeCBs, based on the hazard quotients. The higher residues of CBs and DDTs compared to the target values and the higher than 1 hazard quotients indicated that this area is not safe for vegetable production and thus soil remediation is needed.     

Spatial distribution and controlling factors of heavy metals contents in paddy soil and crop grains of rice–wheat cropping system along highway in East China

There is consensus concerning the heavy metal pollution from traffic emission on roadside agricultural land. However, few efforts have been paid on examining the contamination characteristics of heavy metals in roadside paddy-upland rotation field, and especially in combination with detailed quantitative analysis. In this study, we investigated the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr and Zn) in soil and crop grains of the rice-wheat cropping system along a major highway in East China in 2008 and analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals and their influencing factors with GIS and Classification and Regression Trees (CART). Significantly elevated levels of heavy metals in soil, rice and wheat grains indicated the heavy metals contamination of traffic emission in roadside rice-wheat rotation field. The contamination levels of Cd, Cr and Zn in wheat grain were higher than rice grain, while that of Pb showed an opposite trend. Obvious dissimilarities in the spatial distributions of heavy metals contents were found between in the soil, rice and wheat grains, indicating that the heavy metals contents in the roadside crop grains were not only determined by the concentrations of heavy metals in the paddy soil. Results of CART analysis showed that the spatial variation of the heavy metals contents in crop grains was mainly affected by the soil organic matter or soil pH, followed by the distance from highway and wind direction. Our findings have important implications for the environmental assessment and crop planning for food security along the highway.     

拓展等效线图法评估离子液体与杀菌剂多果定之间的拮抗作用

等效线图法(isobologram)是评估化学混合物毒性相互作用的经典方法之一,然而该方法仅能评估混合物在某一特殊浓度效应水平(通常为50%的浓度效应水平,即EC50)的联合毒性作用情况。因此,拓展等效线图法并用于不同效应水平下混合物毒性的评估显得尤为必要。以杀菌剂多果定(Dod)和3种离子液体(ILs)包括溴化丁基吡啶([bpy]Br)、溴化己基吡啶([hpy]Br)和溴化辛基吡啶([opy]Br)为混合物组分,采用直线均分射线法设计3组二元混合物体系(Dod-[bpy]Br、Dod-[hpy]Br和Dod-[opy]Br)共15条射线,应用微板毒性分析法系统测定各污染物及其混合物射线对青海弧菌Q67(Vibro qinghaisiense sp. Q67,Q67)的毒性,应用拓展等效线图法分析15条混合物射线在5个不同效应水平(EC20、EC30、EC40、EC50和EC60)的毒性相互作用,并与经典等效线图法和浓度加和模型(CA)评估的结果进行比较。结果表明:以p EC50为毒性指标,3种吡啶ILs对Q67的毒性具有烷基链效应,即毒性大小顺序为Dod-[opy]BrDod-[hpy]BrDod-[bpy]Br; 3组二元混合物体系的15条射线的毒性,随农药Dod浓度比的减少而减弱;拓展等效线图法可以比较直观地表征3组Dod-ILs混合物体系在5个不同效应水平的拮抗作用,且拮抗作用强度随Dod浓度比的增加而变化,即先增强后减弱;拓展等效线图法可以有效地评估二元混合物在多个效应水平的联合毒性相互作用。     

2种经典模型对抗生素与重金属锌的蛋白核小球藻时间依赖联合毒性作用的评估比较

污染物在环境中普遍以混合物的形式存在,其累积毒性与毒性相互作用具有潜在的环境风险。因此,本研究以水环境中普遍存在的氨基糖苷类抗生素(硫酸链霉素、硫酸安普霉素和双氢链霉素)和重金属锌(Zn)为目标污染物,以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa,C. pyrenoidosa)为指示生物,应用直接均分射线法设计3种抗生素与Zn的3个二元混合物体系,应用时间毒性微板分析法系统测定3种抗生素和重金属Zn及其二元混合物射线的时间-浓度-毒性数据,以浓度加和(concentration addition,CA)与独立作用(independent action,IA)为标准加和参考模型,分析混合物毒性相互作用及其随时间变化规律。结果表明,随着暴露时间延长,3种抗生素和重金属Zn对C. pyrenoidosa的毒性逐渐增强; 2种模型对3个二元混合物体系的毒性相互作用评估基本一致,即在低浓度区域始终呈现加和作用,而在高浓度区域随暴露时间延长由协同作用逐渐转变为加和作用;而对于同一混合物体系,CA和IA模型预测毒性之间的差距随着浓度增加而增加,且IA预测曲线始终位于CA预测曲线上方,显示了IA模型在评估具有相异组分混合物的毒性时较CA模型接近实际观测值。     

氨基甲酸酯类农药对蛋白核小球藻联合毒性作用特点及机制

氨基甲酸酯类农药广泛应用于农业生产中,其在环境中的残留及其对非靶标生物的毒性作用引起关注。以5种氨基甲酸酯类农药包括残杀威、灭多威、抗蚜威、涕灭威和呋喃丹为研究对象,以蛋白核小球藻为受试生物,应用微板毒性分析法系统测定每种农药及其五元混合物对蛋白核小球藻在不同暴露时间(12、24、48、72和96 h)的生长抑制作用,并同步分析农药对蛋白核小球藻的生理特性如叶绿素含量、蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,5种农药对蛋白核小球藻的浓度-效应均具有明显的时间依赖性,农药抗蚜威在中低浓度促进绿藻生长,呈现非单调J型浓度-效应曲线(CRC)特征,其余4种农药的CRC呈现经典S型;以半数效应浓度的负对数(p EC50)为毒性大小指标,5种农药在96 h时毒性大小为:呋喃丹(p EC50=3.43)残杀威(p EC50=2.76)抗蚜威(p EC50=2.12)灭多威(p EC50=2.11)涕灭威(p EC50=1.89)。浓度为EC50的5种农药处理后的蛋白核小球藻中叶绿素和蛋白质含量随暴露时间的延长而减少,但不同农药处理的绿藻中叶绿素和蛋白质含量减少率随暴露时间延长变化趋势稍有不同; SOD酶活性随着暴露时间延长逐渐下降,MDA含量逐渐增加,这说明藻细胞受到破坏,脂质过氧化的损害程度超过细胞修复能力,SOD活性被抑制,细胞的抗氧化能力下降,藻细胞内的H2O2不断积累,导致MDA含量升高。五元混合物对蛋白核小球藻的毒性也具有一定的时间依赖性,并表现出刺激作用,即hormesis现象,且混合物毒性与组分浓度比具有良好的线性相关性;暴露于混合物的小球藻均在96 h出现了刺激效应,其叶绿素与蛋白质含量随暴露时间延长不断增加,SOD活性不断升高,MDA含量不断减少;五元混合物均在96 h呈现出拮抗作用,且与混合物的浓度和组分浓度比相关。     

武陵山片区旅游经济时空差异与影响因素研究

以武陵山片区县域为研究尺度,基于标准差、变异系数和旅游经济发展水平梯度探析了旅游经济发展水平的差异特征与演变规律,并借助GWR模型对旅游经济空间分异的影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:(1)武陵山片区71个县域旅游经济发展水平在时间上呈绝对差异逐年上升,而相对差异波动下降的演变趋势。(2)2014—2018年间旅游经济发展水平欠发达区数量下降,并呈西北和东北部明显高于其他区域的空间分布格局。(3)人均GDP、第三产业占GDP比重、3A级以上景点数、国家级非物质文化遗产数、公路密度、3星级以上宾馆数是影响武陵山片区旅游经济发展水平的主要因素。     

RTCA与CCK-8法用于检测柴油废气颗粒物致支气管上皮细胞毒性的比较研究

运用实时无标记细胞分析系统(RTCA)和Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)法分别检测柴油废气颗粒物(DEP)致支气管上皮细胞(HBE)细胞毒性,从而对2种方法进行比较研究.分别以浓度为0、3.5、7、14、28和56 mg·L-1 2种柴油废气标准参考颗粒物(Standard Reference Material 1650b,SRM 1650b;Standard Reference Material 2975,SRM 2975)对 HBE 细胞进行暴露处理,分别暴露6、12、24和48 h后,检测不同DEP致HBE细胞毒性,比较各组之间细胞存活率或标准化细胞指数(normalized cell index,NCI)值的差异,考察2种方法的优缺点.并用细胞凋亡实验检测各差异组之间的凋亡率.在相同染毒浓度及暴露时间,与SRM 1650b相比,SRM 2975对HBE细胞的毒性更强.在RTCA检测DEP致HBE细胞毒性时,低浓度DEP组的NCI值已经表现出与对照组有统计学差异(P＜0.05),而相同时间条件下,CCK-8法在更高浓度的DEP组才检测出显著的细胞活性下降(P＜0.05).且由细胞凋亡实验证实,与对照组相比,低浓度DEP组的细胞凋亡率已经有统计学差异.相对于CCK-8法,RTCA更适用于检测DEP致贴壁HBE细胞毒性.CCK-8法更适用于检测DEP致悬浮细胞的细胞毒性或与气液暴露装置联用时的贴壁/悬浮细胞毒性.