壳聚糖的物理/化学改性及其对含酚废水的处理

将壳聚糖物理改性为球形颗粒,然后在微波辐射下,球形壳聚糖与柠檬醛接枝反应,再与NaBH4还原反应,制备一种新型环保材料--物化改性壳聚糖.采用红外光谱仪(IR)、X衍射仪(XRD)、电子显微镜(SEM)和比表面测定及孔径分析仪(BET)结构表征改性壳聚糖.通过含酚制药废水的动态小柱吸附实验,研究了时间、柱高和出水流速等...     

Occurrence and distribution of hexabromocyclododecane in sediments from seven major river drainage basins in China

The concentrations and geographical distribution of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were investigated in 37 composite surface sediments from seven major river drainage basins in China, including Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River, Liaohe River, Haihe River, Tarim River and Ertix River. The detection frequency of HBCD was 54%, with the concentrations ranged from below limit of detection (LOD) to 206 ng/g dry weight. In general, the geographical distribution showed increasing trends from the upper reaches to the lower reaches of the rivers and from North China to Southeast China. Compared to other regions in the world, the average concentration of HBCD in sediments from Yangtze River drainage basin was at relatively high level, whereas those from other six river drainage basins were at lower or similar level. The highest HBCD concentration in sediment from Yangtze River Delta and the highest detection frequency of HBCD in Pearl River drainage basins suggested that the industrial and urban activities could evidently affect the HBCD distribution. HBCD diastereoisomer profiles showed that γ-HBCD dominated in most of the sediment samples, followed by α- and β-HBCD, which was consistent with those in the commercial HBCD mixtures. Further risk assessment reflected that the average inventories of HBCD were 18.3, 5.87, 3.92, 2.50, 1.77 ng/cm 2 in sediments from Pearl River, Haihe River, Tarim River, Yellow River and Yangtze River, respectively.     

定量结构—生物降解性能关系(QSBR)研究原理及进展

定量结构—生物降解性能关系（QSBR）作为定量预测有机物生物降解性能的一种方法,越来越受到人们的关注．从QSBR的发展、理论基础及方法、结构描述符的类型、QSBR研究进展及所面临的挑战等方面进行了论述．     

水滑石与磷酸银可见光催化剂的活性对比研究

本文合成了具备水滑石结构(LDH)的Zn-Cr LDH、Zn-Ti LDH以及Ag3PO43种半导体光催化剂,并对它们的催化性能进行对比研究。XRD和SEM分析表明,Zn-Cr LDH、Zn-Ti LDH具有层状结构而Ag3PO4呈纳米球状结构。UV-Vis分析表明,Ag3PO4和Zn-Cr LDH能够吸收可见光(>420 nm)。在可见光照射与添加AgNO3作为电子受体的条件下,Zn-TiLDH几乎没有光催化活性,而Ag3PO4的光催化活性高于Zn-Cr LDH。Ag3PO4在光解水实验中180 min内氧气产量约1.2mL,而Zn-Cr LDH约为0.65 mL。光催化降解有机污染物实验中,在Ag3PO4催化作用下,120 min内亚甲基蓝(MB)被完全降解,在240 min内46%的对硝基酚(PNP)被降解,而Zn-Cr LDH相应的去除率分别为61%和27%。     

不同条件对土壤反硝化作用的影响

不论是从农业还是从环境角度看,反硝化作用已经引起越来越多的关注。其研究目的可以归纳为两个方面:其一是农业方面着重控制土壤的反硝化作用以减轻氮肥的逸     

Evaluation of soil washing process with carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin and carboxymethyl chitosan for recovery of PAHs/heavy metals/fluorine from metallurgic plant site

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)/heavy metals/fluorine(F) mixed-contaminated sites caused by abandoned metallurgic plants are receiving wide attention. To address the associated environmental problems,this study was initiated to investigate the feasibility of using carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin(CMCD) and carboxymethyl chitosan(CMC) solution to enhance ex situ soil washing for extracting mixed contaminants. Further,Tenax extraction method was combined with a first-three-compartment model to evaluate the environmental risk of residual PAHs in washed soil. In addition,the redistribution of heavy metals/F after decontamination was also estimated using a sequential extraction procedure. Three successive washing cycles using50 g/L CMCD and 5 g/L CMC solution were effective to remove 94.3% of total PAHs,93.2% of Pb,85.8% of Cd,93.4% of Cr,83.2% of Ni and 97.3% of F simultaneously. After the 3rd washing,the residual PAHs mainly existed as very slowly desorbing fractions,which were in the form of well-aged,well-sequestered compounds; while the remaining Pb,Cd,Cr,Ni and F mainly existed as Fe–Mn oxide and residual fractions,which were always present in stable mineral forms or bound to non-labile soil fractions. Therefore,this combined cleanup strategy proved to be effective and environmentally friendly.     

聚丙烯酰胺对聚合物驱含油污水中油珠沉降分离的影响

研究发现阴离子聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)对聚合物驱含油污水处理有正反2方面影响.聚合物能增加污水粘度,降低油珠上浮速度,而且聚合物能增加油水界面水膜强度,延缓油珠聚并时间,这是聚合物对油珠沉降分离的不利影响;同时,聚丙烯酰胺具有絮凝性,能将水中油珠连接到一起,有利于油珠聚并.当聚丙烯酰胺相对分子质量为2.72×10⁶,浓度小于800mg/L时,絮凝作用大于粘度作用,有利于油珠的沉降分离.初始油珠粒径小是聚合物驱含油污水难处理的主要原因.横向流除油器可以加速油珠聚并,缩短沉降时间,适合处理聚合物驱含油污水.     

大港地区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃分布及污染源识别的研究

多环芳烃（PAHs）是一类对人体危害较大的有机污染物。目前对大气环境中PAHs来源识别技术还处于探索与发展阶段。为了解天津大港油田地区大气环境中PAHs污染状况与来源,对天津市大港地区大气颗粒物中10种PAHs分布及污染源开展了调查。结果表明：大港地区10种PAHs总浓度平均为169ng/m3,比市区对照点的465ng/m³低63.7％,其中苯并（a）芘（BaP）平均浓度为13.6ng/m³,比市区对照点的41.1ng/m³低66.9％。实验结果经统计处理发现BaP浓度与其它9种PAHs浓度存在一定的相关性,相关系数均在0.60以上。利用比值法进行源识别得出：大港石化区PAHs主要来源为燃煤污染;而大港油田区PAHs主要来源为燃油污染。     

我国自然保护区级别划分标准的研究

本文在总结国内外自然保护区级别划分背景的基础上,根据我国自然保护区建设和管理的现状,提出保护区级别划分应遵循的原则,如以定性方法为主,与现行行政体制相一致等。根据这些原则,研究制定了我国自然保护区级别划分的标准。该标准将自然保护区划分为国家级、省级、市级和县级。并对其标准进行了详细描述和定义。此外,本文还对保护区级别划分的依据和确定保护区重要性的评价指标进行了阐述和讨论。此标准的研究对于当前我国自然保护区的建设和规范化管理具有重要的意义。     

Integrated assessment for aerobic biodegradability of organic substances

In this paper, the amount of oxygen consumption, end products and activities of microorganisms are considered as the three factors which affect the biodegradability of organic substances in water. Two integrated assessment methods for biodegradability of organic substances, fuzzy clustering integrated assessment and weighted integrated assessment, have been developed. Simultaneously, the detail steps for assessing a new organic substance biodegradability with these two integrated assessment methods are proposed.