恢复生态学的理论基础、关键技术与应用前景

从群落自然演替的理论出发,指出生态系统的退化并不是不可逆的。恢复生态学阐述了在被破坏的生态系统自然演替的过程中,可以通过人为手段加以调控,改变演替的方向和速度,缩短生态恢复的时间过程的理论。作者指出生态恢复并不一定恢复原状,而是根据自然和社会条件恢复或重建生态系统的结构和功能,并使之达到自维持状态。生物种类及其生长介质的丧失或改变是影响生态恢复的主要障碍,因此,提出选择适合植物种类改造介质和利用物理、化学方法直接改良介质等生态恢复的关键技术。根据我国现实的环境、社会、经济情况提出生态恢复工程技术产业化的问题,并列举了详细数据和成功的范例     

属性识别理论模型在环境质量评价中的应用

把近来提出的属性识别理论模型引用到环境质量评价中,经实例分析,与模糊数学模型及综合指数法作了比较,表明属性识别理论模型评价环境质量是合理可行的。     

Influences of environmental regulations on skill premium: mediating effect of industrial structure optimization

Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - Environmental regulation could affect skill premium by affecting the relative supply and demand for skilled labor and non-skilled labor; meanwhile, it...     

UPLC-DAD-FLD测定土壤中多环芳烃

本文建立了以加速溶剂萃取（ASE）和固相萃取为提取和净化手段,采用超速液相色谱-二极管阵列-荧光检测器（UPLC-DAD-FLD）串联捡测土壤中16种多环芳烃的方法。通过色谱柱的比较,选择更小粒径和内径的分析柱（Supelco SILTMLC．PAH,100×3．0mm,3μm）,缩短了分析时间,也节省了溶剂（乙腈）,满足大量样品的快速灵敏分析的需要。在保留时间定性的基础上,利用PDA获取的紫外扫描光谱图与目标化合物的特征吸收标准谱图比较,提高了定性分析的准确性。在优化的实验条件下,该方法显示出良好的线性关系（r〉0．999）和精密度（RSD〈10％）,16种多环芳烃的检出限在0．005—1．33μg／kg之间,并成功应用于样品分析,样品加标回收率为71．4％～120％。实验中为了确保整个分析过程的可靠性,替代物的加标回收率控制在50％-150％之间;土壤标准参考物的测定结果都在预测值范围内,验证了该方法的准确性。     

城市居住小区交通噪声的空间分布特征

根据实测所得交通流量和车型分布,采用预测为主、实测为辅的方法对典型居住小区进行了交通噪声预测与评价。对小区交通噪声的空间分布作了详细的分析,发现临街住宅交通噪声超标严重。另外,敏感点在建筑物中的朝向和楼层对交通噪声影响较大。上述空间分布规律对小区交通噪声评价与防治具有指导意义。     

Simulating the temporal changes of OCP pollution in Hangzhou, China

A dynamic fugacity model was applied to simulate the changes of contents and transfer fluxes of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs) and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDTs) from 1950s in the environment of Hangzhou, China. The receptors are composed of air, surface water, soils, sediment and biota compartments. The model provides a method to combine loadings of HCHs and DDTs from various sources with a series of physical-chemical processes to estimate concentrations and transport fluxes of HCHs and DDTs. Model results suggested that the calculated concentrations were in line with the observed ones. The highest contents of HCH and DDT in the environment of study area were 523 t and 471 t before 1983, among which about 80.7% HCHs and 93.2% DDTs remained in the soil compartment. From 1984 to now, contents of HCHs and DDTs had decreased to about 0.07% and 0.40% of their highest amount (before 1983), and only about 0.001% and 0.014% will expect to be left in 2020 in the study area according to the model prediction. Before 1983, the main transfer fluxes of HCHs were deposition from air to soil, runoff from soil to water and diffusion from soil to air, but for DDTs the main transfer fluxes were deposition from air to soil and water, and transfer from water to sediment. From 1984 to now, runoff from soil to water and transfer from water to sediment became the dominant processes. Although a large amount of HCHs and DDTs had been applied to the study area, their residue levels in the soils were much lower than those in North China (had lesser HCHs and DDTs application than in South China) at present time, and close to other locations of South China (had similar HCHs and DDTs application level). It can be attributed to the high precipitation and temperature that enhances the processes of wet deposition, evaporation and degradation of OCPs. Sensitivities of the input parameters to the calculated concentrations were evaluated using coefficient-of-variation normalized sensitivity coefficients. The model was also subjected to uncertainty analyses using a Monte Carlo simulation.     

Characterization of TSP-bound n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at rural and urban sites of Tianjin, China

Total suspended particle (TSP) was collected and analyzed at rural and urban sites in Tianjin, China during the domestic heating season (from 15 November to 15 March) of 2003/4 for n-alkanes and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The normalized distribution of n-alkanes with the peak at C22, C23, C24 or C25 suggested that fossil fuel utilization was the major source of particulate n-alkanes at both sites. PAHs normalized distribution for each sample was similar and the higher molecular weight PAH dominated the profile (around 90%) indicating a stronger combustion source at both sites. Precipitation and wind were the most important meteorological factors influencing TSP and PAHs atmospheric concentrations. In the urban area the emission height had significant influence on PAHs levels at different heights under the relative stable atmospheric conditions. Coal combustion was the major source for TSP-bound PAHs at both sites based on some diagnostic ratios.     

The Application of Water Quality Monitoring Data in a Reservoir Watershed Using AMOS Confirmatory Factor Analyses

This study investigates six water quality monitoring stations in the watershed of the Feitsui Reservoir. It uses nine parameters of water quality collected in an interval of two and half years for factor analyses, which was first conducted to determine four types of factors, respectively, those for organic pollution, eutrophication, seasonal influence, and sediment pollution. The analysis results effectively help to determine water quality in the watershed of the reservoir. The authors reutilize analysis of moment structures (AMOS) to acquire further results in order to confirm the goodness of fit of the previous factor analysis model. During the confirmation, we examine the hypothesized orthogonal results as well as utilize oblique rotation to explore the goodness of fit of the reflective indicators of the orthogonal rotation. As shown in the algorithm results, as long as the covariance curve is included in the four factors, no related issues are detected in the goodness of fit of reflective indicators and interior and external quality is reported with excellence. The orthogonal model, thus, stands. Additionally, when the analysis of structural equation modeling (SEM) is conducted, sample data mismatches the hypotheses of multivariate normality. Therefore, this study adopts the generalized least square (GLS) for an algorithm. Research results of this study have been submitted to the reservoir management authorities in Taiwan for the improvement of statistical application and strategic evaluation of water quality monitoring data in order to strengthen the managerial effectiveness of water quality in watersheds.     

Leaching behavior of copper from waste printed circuit boards with Brønsted acidic ionic liquid

In this work, a Brønsted acidic ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([bmim]HSO₄), was used to leach copper from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs, mounted with electronic components) for the first time, and the leaching behavior of copper was discussed in detail. The results showed that after the pre-treatment, the metal distributions were different with the particle size: Cu, Zn and Al increased with the increasing particle size; while Ni, Sn and Pb were in the contrary. And the particle size has significant influence on copper leaching rate. Copper leaching rate was higher than 99%, almost 100%, when 1 g WPCBs powder was leached under the optimum conditions: particle size of 0.1–0.25 mm, 25 mL 80% (v/v) ionic liquid, 10 mL 30% hydrogen peroxide, solid/liquid ratio of 1/25, 70 °C and 2 h. Copper leaching by [bmim]HSO₄ can be modeled with the shrinking core model, controlled by diffusion through a solid product layer, and the kinetic apparent activation energy has been calculated to be 25.36 kJ/mol.