Occurrence and impact of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans in the air and soil around a municipal solid waste incinerator

To assess the influence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) on the environment in the vicinity of municipal solid waste incinerators(MSWIs), we determined the levels of PCDD/Fs in air and soil samples collected around a MSWI, which is the largest in China. The International Toxicity Equivalency Quantity(I-TEQ) concentrations of PCDD/Fs in air samples were from 0.0300 to 1.03 pg I-TEQ/m~3(0.445–13.6 pg/m~3), with an average of 0.237 pg I-TEQ/m~3, while in soil samples they ranged from 0.520 to 3.40 pg I-TEQ/g(2.41–88.7 pg/g) with an average of1.49 pg I-TEQ/g. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs in air and soil samples were comparable to other areas, and Pe CDFs were the dominant contributors, which was different from stack gas homologue patterns. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that PCDD/Fs emission from the MSWI did not directly affect the profiles of PCDD/Fs in air and soils, so that vehicles and unidentified emission sources should be considered. The daily inhalation levels of PCDD/Fs for children(0.0110 to 0.392 pg I-TEQ/(kg·day) and adults(0.00600 to 0.221 pg I-TEQ/(kg·day) near the MSWI were lower than the tolerable daily intake of 1.00 to 4.00 pg WHO-TEQ/(kg·day), but in winter the values were higher than in summer. These results can be used as basic data for assessing the risk of PCDD/Fs exposure in residents living around this MSWI, and more monitoring programs and studies should be carried out around MSWIs.     

基于主成分分析的河流水环境质量评价研究

主成分分析是多元统计分析的一个分支,它能够在保证原始数据信息损失最小的情况下,以少数的综合变量取代原有的多维变量,简化数据结构,客观确定权重,是环境质量综合评价的一种简单易行的方法.基于主成分分析理论,建立了水质综合评价模型,以南淝河为例,选取南淝河五个监测断面的九项监测指标作为评价因子,对南淝河的水环境质量进行综合评价.结果表明,南淝河流域水环境质量总体较差,有机污染物是造成南淝河水质污染的主要原因.     

地下水水源地保护区划分发展历程及方案、方法研究

介绍了国内外地下水水源地保护区建设的发展进程;综述了世界各国地下水水源地保护区区界的界定;同时阐述了目前国内外地下水水源地保护区划分的主要方法,重点剖析了经验法、计算半径法、矫正形状法、解析法、水文地质划分法和数值模拟法的特点和适用条件,并给出了各种方法所需要的数据资料;指出了地下水水源地保护区划分方法的发展趋势和研究方向.     

Carbonyl emissions from commercial cooking sources in Hong Kong

Cooking fumes are an important carbonyl emission source, especially in a highly urbanized city, such as Hong Kong. Cooking exhaust from 15 commercial kitchens of a variety of cooking styles was sampled and analyzed for a suite of 13 carbonyl compounds. Carbonyl compositions were varied among the different cooking styles. Formaldehyde was generally the most abundant carbonyl, and its contribution to the total carbonyl amount on a molar basis ranged from 12 to 60%. Acrolein was also found to be an abundant carbonyl in the cooking exhaust. The highest contribution by acrolein to the total carbonyls was found to be 30% in the exhaust of a western-style steak restaurant. Long-chain saturated carbonyls, that is, heptanal, octanal, and nonanal, accounted for a significant fraction (> 40%) of the total carbonyls in kitchens that always used heated cooking oils. Two dicarbonyls, glyoxal and methylglyoxal, had a various presence in the cooking emissions, ranging from negligible to 10%. The presence of benzaldehyde and tolualdehyde was mostly negligible in the sampled kitchen exhaust. Annual emission rates of both individual carbonyls and total carbonyls were estimated for various types of commercial kitchens. Local-style fast-food shops contributed the highest total carbonyl emissions per year mainly because of the large number of this kind of restaurant in Hong Kong. The citywide annual emission rates of the three most toxic carbonyls, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein, were estimated assuming that the limited number of sampled restaurants were representative of the average restaurants. Such estimates of carbonyl emission rates were comparable to the estimated carbonyl emissions from vehicular sources, suggesting the importance of commercial cooking as a source for carbonyls in Hong Kong.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface soils from outskirts of Beijing, China

Surface soils from the outskirts of Beijing were analyzed for 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The distribution map of total PAHs content was obtained as a contour plot. The concentration range of 16 PAHs varied by over two orders of magnitude from 0.016 microg g-1 in rural to 3.884 microg g-1 in suburban soils with the relatively standard deviation of 70.5%, showing large differences in the extent of PAHs pollution at the various sampling sites. It was notable that the concentration of BaP was 0.005-0.270 microg g-1 with a mean of 0.055 microg g-1. In general, the distribution of PAHs centered on the high molecular weight PAHs known to be carcinogenic. The 4-6 ring PAHs represented about 66% in rural samples and 70% in suburban soils of the total PAHs found. There was relatively good relationship among most of the individual PAHs and the compounds of Pyr, BaA, Flu, BbF, BaP, Chr and Ph gave strong correlation (r>0.8) with the sum of PAHs. The selected marked compounds, a principal component analysis (PCA) and special PAHs compound ratios (Ph/An vs Flu/Pyr; summation operator COMB/ summation operator EPA-PAHs) suggest the pyrogenic origins, especially traffic exhausts, are the dominant sources of PAHs in Beijing outskirts soils.     

贵阳市城区近地面PM10/PM2.5及重金属污染水平研究

2009年在贵阳市地区内设点采样.共采集了145个大气样品,对近地面大气颗粒物PM10/PM2.5的污染状况及其所含重金属进行调查.结果表明,贵阳PM10/PM2.5的污染严重,对人体健康危害很大;重金属元素分析中Pb和Zn的含量比较高,这些重金属元素更易于富集在细颗粒上,给环境带来了极大的潜在危险.最后文章提出了贵阳...     

水解酸化-接触氧化在处理石油化工废水中的应用

采用水解酸化+接触氧化工艺处理镇江新区某石油化工厂废水。设计总处理水量120m3/d,其中原浓废水20m3/d,出水回流100m3/d;设计进水水质:高浓度有机废水CODCr9000mg/L以上,pH5～9,混合后废水CODCr约1500mg/L,pH6～8;设计出水水质:CODCr≤130mg/L,pH6～9。实际出水CODCr为123.29mg/L;CODCr平均去除率为92.04%,处理后出水可达标排放。     

上海市崇明主要城镇生态环境安全预警初探

在对崇明城桥镇、堡镇和陈家镇生态环境安全现状评价基础上,利用生态环境安全预警理论和方法,运用情景分析法分3种情景对崇明城桥镇、堡镇和陈家镇未来15年生态环境安全状况进行预测。并根据综合指数模型及不良状态预警模型、恶化趋势预警模型和恶化速度预警模型对主要城镇生态环境安全进行预警评判,结果表明:崇明3个主要城镇未来15年生态环境总体仍将处于安全状态。     

曝气对无植物波形潜流人工湿地除氮的影响

实验构建了一种波形潜流人工湿地(wavy subsurface flow constructed wetland,WSFCW)模型,并采用人工曝气手段增强其脱氮效果。选择2种曝气强度分别为100～180 mL/min和300～350 mL/min 2种曝气方式分别为第1个波形区间(1#)和第2个波形区间(2#)同时曝气...     

Remediation of contaminated soil by a solvent/surfactant system

This study investigates a new approach using a solvent/surfactant-aided soil-washing process to improve the performance of conventional surfactant-aided soil remediation. Three surfactants (Brij 35, Tween 80, and SDS) and three organic solvents (acetone, triethylamine, and squalane) were used to evaluate the desorption performances of 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl (DCB) out of three soils with different sorption characteristics. The performance improvement is likely due to better dissolution of the hydrophobic contaminants from the soil assisted by the solvent, and the formation of solvent-incorporated surfactant micelles, which increases both the size (i.e. capacity) and affinity of micelles for more effective contaminant extraction. The foc of soils were found to be important in determining the performance of a solvent/surfactant-aided soil-washing process. Judging from the experimental data and as verified by the two constants in the proposed soil-washing model, as the organic solvent is coexisting with the surfactant micelles, both the marginal soil-washing performance (right after the use of a very small amount of solvent compared to that of none) and the final soil-washing capacity are increased compared to those of a pure surfactant-aided washing process.