微塑料添加对橘园土壤有机碳矿化的影响

为探究微塑料污染对土壤有机碳矿化的影响,采集湖北当阳橘园土壤,进行室内有机碳矿化培养,研究添加微塑料和秸秆条件下土壤有机碳矿化特征及酶活性变化.结果表明,秸秆和微塑料混施显著影响了土壤有机碳矿化,但仅添加微塑料对土壤有机碳矿化无显著影响.与单施秸秆相比,低量微塑料与秸秆混施处理（PP1+S）显著促进了有机碳矿化,有机碳累积矿化量增加了8.20%,而中高量微塑料与秸秆混施处理（PP2+S和PP3+S）显著降低了有机碳累积矿化量,其中,高量微塑料与秸秆混施对土壤有机碳矿化抑制最明显,降低了10.13%.添加微塑料显著降低了β-葡萄糖苷酶活性,高量微塑料添加对酶活性的抑制最显著,与对照相比,在第1、6和35 d分别降低了20.52%、43.93%和17.79%;但是,添加秸秆缓解了微塑料输入对土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制作用.有机碳矿化速率与DOC、MBC含量和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性均呈显著正相关.     

沼泽湿地生态系统土壤CO2和CH4排放动态及影响因素

湿地在全球陆地生态系统碳循环中具有重要的作用,沼泽湿地温室气体排放特别是CO₂和CH₄排放具有明显的时空变化特征.沼泽湿地CO₂和CH₄的产生和排放与土壤有机碳、溶解有机碳及氮素含量有密切关系,同时受土壤温度和水文条件的影响.三江平原沼泽湿地土壤中CO₂和CH₄具有较高的浓度值,浓集中心位于植物根层(10～35cm), 9月下旬到10月中旬沼泽湿地植物地上部分枯死后,土壤中CH₄和CO₂浓度有阶段性增加的趋势,且土壤中CO₂与CH₄间呈显著正相关关系.沼泽湿地生态系统呼吸及土壤呼吸对CH₄排放通量也有较大的影响,二者间呈显著正相关关系.     

掺聚丙烯纤维的高强混凝土高温性能研究

高强混凝土的渗透性很低,高温下可能出现爆裂破坏现象,严重影响混凝土及其内部钢筋的结构使用性能。本文通过改变聚丙烯纤维掺量,研究其改善高强混凝土高温爆裂性能,以及高温后高强混凝土吸水率、剩余强度性能及其恢复性能。     

三唑醇杀菌剂在雄性丽斑麻蜥体内的对映选择性降解、蓄积和肝毒性研究

三唑醇(triadimenol, TN)是一种广泛使用的手性三唑类杀菌剂,它含有2个手性中心,4个手性对映体,包括对映体A(A1(R,S)和A2(S,R))以及对映体B(B1(R,R)和B2(S,S))。为了研究三唑醇在爬行动物体内的对映选择性行为和潜在的肝毒性,将雄性丽斑麻蜥分别一次经口暴露和28 d长期暴露于三唑醇(100 mg·kg~(-1) body weight),一次经口暴露结果显示,三唑醇进入大脑和肾中的浓度低于肝、性腺、皮肤和尾,B2(S,S)和B1(R,R)对映体具有相似的代谢速率。代谢过程中A1(R,S)的浓度明显高于A2(S,R),并且在暴露后12 h出现二次上升,这可能是A2(S,R)在体内手性转换为A1(R,S)导致。丽斑麻蜥长期(28 d)暴露于三唑醇后,性腺和肾中无明显蓄积现象,皮和尾中浓度显著高于其他组织,各个组织中三唑醇趋向于保持外消旋状态。三唑醇暴露后肝中主要的代谢基因cyp1a1c、yp3a4c、yp2b1和cyp2d3的表达量都出现明显上升,组织病理学分析进一步显示,三唑醇暴露后的肝组织出现组织空泡、血窦阻塞的症状,说明三唑醇对肝组织具有一定的毒性作用。上述结果为手性农药对爬行动物的生态毒理学评价提供了重要依据。     

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对海洋桡足类日本虎斑猛水蚤的急慢性毒性效应

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(简称甲维盐)是一种广泛应用于农业和水产养殖业的高效抗生素杀虫剂,会进入近海海洋环境从而对海洋生物造成影响。为初步探讨甲维盐对海洋桡足类产生的生物效应,研究了甲维盐对日本虎斑猛水蚤(Tigriopus japonicus Mori)的死亡率、摄食率、滤水率、神经传导关键性酶和抗氧化防御系统中多种酶活性以及生殖、发育的影响。结果显示,甲维盐对于日本虎斑猛水蚤有显著的急性毒性影响,雌性成体和雄性成体的96 h-LC_(50)分别为7 156μg·L~(-1)和3 637μg·L~(-1);雌性成体的24 h-EC_(50)为3.5μg·L~(-1)。暴露在不同甲维盐浓度(0.5、1、2、3.5和5μg·L~(-1))条件下24 h后,日本虎斑猛水蚤的摄食率和滤水率随甲维盐浓度升高逐渐降低,乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)活性、抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性均随甲维盐浓度的升高先升高后趋于平稳,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性无显著变化。日本虎斑猛水蚤连续暴露2个世代,随着甲维盐浓度的升高,发育率逐渐降低;当甲维盐浓度达到0.5μg·L~(-1)时,10 d产卵量受到显著抑制,这说明甲维盐对其种群繁衍能力产生了显著影响。将第3代无节幼虫置于海水中进行恢复培养后发现,高浓度甲维盐暴露(0.5μg·L~(-1))对日本虎斑猛水蚤发育和生殖均造成了不可逆的影响,毒性可能具有不可恢复性。本文可为评估甲维盐对海洋桡足类的潜在影响提供基础数据和依据。     

三唑醇杀菌剂对雄性丽斑麻蜥性腺系统的对映选择性影响

三唑醇(triadimenol,TN)是一种广泛使用的手性三唑类杀菌剂,它含有2个手性中心,4个手性对映体,其中,对映体A包括A1(R,S)和A2(S,R),对映体B包括B1(R,R)和B2(S,S)。三唑醇被认为是一种潜在的内分泌干扰物,能够影响生物体内雌雄激素的合成。为了研究三唑醇不同对映体和外消旋体对爬行动物性腺系统影响的差异,以雄性丽斑麻蜥为实验动物,将外消旋体和4种对映体(100 mg·kg~(-1)bw)分别经口暴露给雄性蜥蜴28 d。外消旋体和(R,S)对映体暴露后蜥蜴的性腺体细胞指数(GSI)明显低于对照组。(S,R)、(R,S)和(S,S)显著抑制了性腺中性激素合成相关基因(cyp119a、cyp11a、cyp17、hsd-3β、hsd-17β、erα和ar)的表达量,同时降低了血液中睾酮(T)和雌二醇(E2)含量。(R,R)暴露对丽斑麻蜥体内的雌雄激素水平无明显影响。此外,相关性分析表明,外消旋体对性腺中性激素合成相关基因的影响与(R,S)具有较强的相关关系,说明(R,S)可能是外消旋体中生物活性和毒性最高的单体。研究表明,三唑醇对丽斑麻蜥性腺系统的毒性作用具有明显的对映选择性,这为手性农药对爬行动物的生态毒理学评价提供了重要依据。     

Greenhouse gas emissions during cattle feedlot manure composting

The emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) during feedlot manure composting reduces the agronomic value of the final compost and increases the greenhouse effect. A study was conducted to determine whether GHG emissions are affected by composting method. Feedlot cattle manure was composted with two aeration methods--passive (no turning) and active (turned six times). Carbon lost in the forms of CO2 and CH4 was 73.8 and 6.3 kg C Mg-1 manure for the passive aeration treatment and 168.0 and 8.1 kg C Mg-1 manure for the active treatment. The N loss in the form of N2O was 0.11 and 0.19 kg N Mg-1 manure for the passive and active treatments. Fuel consumption to turn and maintain the windrow added a further 4.4 kg C Mg-1 manure for the active aeration treatment. Since CH4 and N2O are 21 and 310 times more harmful than CO2 in their global warming effect, the total GHG emission expressed as CO2-C equivalent was 240.2 and 401.4 kg C Mg-1 manure for passive and active aeration. The lower emission associated with the passive treatment was mainly due to the incomplete decomposition of manure and a lower gas diffusion rate. In addition, turning affected N transformation and transport in the window profile, which contributed to higher N2O emissions for the active aeration treatment. Gas diffusion is an important factor controlling GHG emissions. Higher GHG concentrations in compost windrows do not necessarily mean higher production or emission rates.     

Assessing pollution prevention program by QUAL2E simulation analysis for the Kao-Ping River Basin, Taiwan

Wise and sustainable uses of water resources are essential for an effective river-basin-management planning. Recent management strategy further addresses the fact that quantity and quality of water are closely interrelated, and both must be considered simultaneously for all water resources and water quality management practices. The aim of this paper is to explore the impacts of water resources redistribution and pollution prevention actions between and within river basins simultaneously in South Taiwan. Much emphasis will be placed on assessing the impacts of water transfer over natural boundary to satisfy the needs of industrial development in the Tseng-Wen River system and its resultant influence on the water quality in the downstream area of the Kao-Ping River system where the pollution prevention program is to be implemented. The Kao-Ping River was further characterized hydraulically and environmentally, based on a full investigation of discharges and withdrawals in the river reaches. QUAL2E was successfully calibrated and validated using data collected between 1998 and 1999, and the model was capable of predicting the concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, total phosphate-phosphorus, and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) for the entire river system. With the aid of QUAL2E simulation model, it shows eliminating the pig farming activities and constructing the sewer systems in the upstream area of Kao-Ping River cannot guarantee the full compliance with water quality standards in the downstream area and water transfer in the upstream area further increases negative impacts on the water quality in the wet season. The predicted situation of water quality in the dry season may even present worse condition. Additional water pollution control policy, such as the use of economic instruments, for controlling and reducing the waste-load of biochemical oxygen demand and ammonia-nitrogen is needed in the Kao-Ping River system in the long run.