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531.
Ayokunle Christopher Dada Asmat Ahmad Gires Usup Lee Yook Heng 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(2):1583-1599
We report the first study on the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant enterococci in coastal bathing waters in Malaysia. One hundred and sixty-five enterococci isolates recovered from two popular recreational beaches in Malaysia were speciated and screened for antibiotic resistance to a total of eight antibiotics. Prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium was highest in both beaches. E. faecalis/E. faecium ratio was 0.384:1 and 0.375:1, respectively, for isolates from Port Dickson (PD) and Bagan Lalang (BL). Analysis of Fisher’s exact test showed that association of prevalence of E. faecalis and E. faecium with considered locations was not statistically significant (p?<?0.05). Chi-square test revealed significant differences (χ 2?=?82.630, df?=?20, p?<?0.001) in the frequency of occurrence of enterococci isolates from the considered sites. Resistance was highest to nalidixic acid (94.84 %) and least for chloramphenicol (8.38 %). One-way ANOVA using Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison test showed that resistance to ampicillin was higher in PD beach isolates than BL isolates and the difference was extremely statistically significant (p?<?0.0001). Frequency of occurrence of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) isolates were higher for PD beach water (64.29 %) as compared to BL beach water (13.51 %), while MAR indices ranged between 0.198 and 0.48. The results suggest that samples from Port Dickson may contain MAR bacteria and that this could be due to high-risk faecal contamination from sewage discharge pipes that drain into the sea water. 相似文献
532.
Aimee Kinney Raye Evrard Kevin Bogue Christopher Andrew James 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2023,59(5):1128-1145
Stormwater utility fees (SUFs) are one way to fill the growing gap between stormwater management needs and available funding. However, there is a lack of data on the overall role they play in stormwater program budgets. This paper presents an evaluation of SUFs across multiple jurisdictions to understand their contributions to overall revenue, the uses of revenue, and the extent to which ratemaking is equitable within and between jurisdictions. We compiled data on SUFs for 124 jurisdictions and program budgets for 80 jurisdictions to describe the composition of revenues and influence of municipal stormwater permit status. We also calculated SUFs applied to individual parcels in 11 jurisdictions to assess two equity outcomes: proportionality and affordability. Results indicate that SUF revenue contributed 91% of the $537.7 million in total 2019 stormwater program operational revenue. There was enormous variation among jurisdictions in annual SUF revenue per capita ($17–328), per housing unit ($42–1007), and on an area-normalized basis (<$0.01–2.70 per ft2 impervious surface). SUFs in some cities were large enough to burden low-income households, and the way they are billed may preclude assistance for renters. In the context of escalating costs driven in part by new regulatory requirements, these results illustrate the tension between achieving full cost recovery for stormwater services and ensuring prices are affordable for ratepayers. 相似文献
533.
Amrita Gupta Bistra Dilkina Dana J. Morin Angela K. Fuller J. Andrew Royle Christopher Sutherland Carla P. Gomes 《Conservation biology》2019,33(5):1023-1034
Ecological distance-based spatial capture–recapture models (SCR) are a promising approach for simultaneously estimating animal density and connectivity, both of which affect spatial population processes and ultimately species persistence. We explored how SCR models can be integrated into reserve-design frameworks that explicitly acknowledge both the spatial distribution of individuals and their space use resulting from landscape structure. We formulated the design of wildlife reserves as a budget-constrained optimization problem and conducted a simulation to explore 3 different SCR-informed optimization objectives that prioritized different conservation goals by maximizing the number of protected individuals, reserve connectivity, and density-weighted connectivity. We also studied the effect on our 3 objectives of enforcing that the space-use requirements of individuals be met by the reserve for individuals to be considered conserved (referred to as home-range constraints). Maximizing local population density resulted in fragmented reserves that would likely not aid long-term population persistence, and maximizing the connectivity objective yielded reserves that protected the fewest individuals. However, maximizing density-weighted connectivity or preemptively imposing home-range constraints on reserve design yielded reserves of largely spatially compact sets of parcels covering high-density areas in the landscape with high functional connectivity between them. Our results quantify the extent to which reserve design is constrained by individual home-range requirements and highlight that accounting for individual space use in the objective and constraints can help in the design of reserves that balance abundance and connectivity in a biologically relevant manner. 相似文献
534.
Sudden Oak Death has been impacting California’s coastal forests for more than a decade. In that time, and in the absence
of a centrally organized and coordinated set of mandatory management actions for this disease in California’s wildlands and
open spaces, many local communities have initiated their own management programs. We present five case studies to explore
how local-level management has attempted to control this disease. From these case studies, we glean three lessons: connections
count, scale matters, and building capacity is crucial. These lessons may help management, research, and education planning
for future pest and disease outbreaks. 相似文献
535.
River inflow, estuarine salinity, and Carolina wolfberry fruit abundance: linking abiotic drivers to Whooping Crane food 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jeffrey R. Wozniak Todd M. Swannack Rachel Butzler Christopher Llewellyn Stephen E. Davis III 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2012,16(3):345-354
The supply of freshwater to estuarine ecosystems is a critical factor in maintaining the overall health and organization of coastal marshes. Specifically along the Texas Gulf coast, the coupled effects of decreased freshwater inflows to the estuary and natural processes (e.g., precipitation, wind, and tides) can exert significant salt-stress on coastal marsh vegetation. In this project we sought to quantitatively link the inflow of freshwater to the estuary (San Antonio Bay) with Aransas National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) coastal marsh salinity and assess the influence of salinity and inundation on Carolina wolfberry (Lycium carolinianum Walt.) phenology (leaf and fruit abundance). The Carolina wolfberry is one of the more common high marsh plant species found at ANWR and has been shown to be a key food source for endangered Whooping Cranes which inhabit the coastal marshes of the ANWR each fall/winter. Results from our study show that periods of decreased freshwater inflows to the estuary correlated with increased marsh salinity at the ANWR. Wolfberry plants at ANWR marsh sites displayed increased fruit abundance during years which had lower mean summer time salinity (June, July, and August) in San Antonio Bay; conversely, during years of increased bay salinity during the same summertime months, wolfberry plants showed decreased fruit abundance. Through the continued validation of the relationship between inflows and coastal marsh salinity, we hope to provide additional insight into how wolfberry phenology varies inter-annually across both salinity and inundation regimes and how freshwater inflows may affect food availability for the endangered Whooping Crane. 相似文献
536.
Christopher D. Watkins Lisa M DeBruine Anthony C. Little David R. Feinberg Benedict C. Jones 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2012,66(12):1549-1556
Previous experimental work suggests flexibility in women’s mate preferences that appears to reflect the advantages of choosing healthy mates under conditions of pathogen threat and of choosing prosocial mates under conditions of resource scarcity. Following this work, we used an established priming paradigm to examine the effects of priming women’s concerns about pathogen threat versus resource scarcity on their judgments of men’s facial attractiveness and dominance. We found that women reported stronger attraction to masculine men when their concerns about pathogens were activated than when their concerns about resource scarcity were activated. In contrast, we found that women were more likely to ascribe high dominance to masculine men when their concerns about resource scarcity were activated than when their concerns about pathogens were activated. This latter result may reflect the greater importance of identifying men who pose a substantial threat to women’s resources and personal safety when resources are scarce and violence towards women is particularly common. Together, these findings suggest a double dissociation between the effects of pathogen threat and resource scarcity on women’s perceptions of the attractiveness and dominance of masculine men, potentially revealing considerably greater specialization (i.e., context specificity) in the effects of environmental threats on women’s perceptions of men than was apparent in previous research. 相似文献
537.
The use of high-frequency acoustics has recently emerged as a viable method for mapping the areal coverage of seagrasses. Since the bubbles produced by seagrass plants are partly responsible for the observed acoustic signature, it is likely that sound transmission throughout a seagrass canopy varies on circadian cycles coinciding with photosynthetic bubble production. This study examined the propagation of high-frequency (100 kHz) sound energy through the seagrass canopies of Syringodium filiforme, Halodule wrightii and Thalassia testudinum in a shallow outdoor mesocosm. Relative changes in the received acoustic energy were recorded every hour during a 24-h period and compared to independently measured rates of oxygen production. The mean acoustic intensity of energy transmitted throughout the seagrass canopy varied by 3.5 dB for S. filiforme, 4.4 dB for T. testudinum and 4.7 dB for H. wrightii over a 24-h period. These transmission characteristics are encouraging for the future development of in situ acoustic assessments of seagrass photosynthesis. 相似文献
538.
Lily M. van Eeden Kristina Slagle Thomas M. Newsome Mathew S. Crowther Christopher R. Dickman Jeremy T. Bruskotter 《Conservation biology》2020,34(5):1165-1175
Understanding human attitudes toward wildlife management is critical to implementing effective conservation action and policy. Understanding the factors that shape public attitudes toward different wildlife management actions is limited, however, which can result in unpredictable public responses to interventions. We drew on comparisons between residents of 2 countries on separate continents to explore differences in attitudes toward wildlife management and determine factors important in shaping these attitudes. We surveyed representative publics via market research panels in Australia (n = 881 respondents) and the United States (n = 1287). We applied a social-identity approach and demography to identify factors that explained variance between responses about wildlife management. We compared responses between countries overall and within subgroups of respondents who strongly identified as environmentalists, animal rights activists, wildlife conservation advocates, and farmers. We created aggregate scores for the management-related response items per respondent and used regression analyses to identify the relative importance of country, identity, age, and gender in explaining variance between responses. These factors accounted for 15.3% of variance among responses. Australians overall were generally more accepting of lethal wildlife management actions than U.S. respondents. Differences in national attitudes reflected differences between United States and Australian wildlife management and policy, highlighting the importance of understanding social attitudes in shaping conservation policy. Identifying as a farmer followed by identifying as an animal rights activist most shaped attitudes toward wildlife management. Identity-related conflicts could be initiated or exacerbated by conservation interventions that fail to consider identity-related processes. 相似文献
539.
The objective of this study was to elicit community perceptions on the effectiveness of the CAMPFIRE programme, a community initiative, designed to benefit rural communities in Gonono ward in the Zambezi valley. Five villages and 76 respondents were selected from the ward using simple random sampling. Data collection included a structured questionnaire administered to households, semi-structured interviews with key informants, such as chiefs, headmen and local council staff, transect walks and participant observations. The results of the study revealed that, although the CAMPFIRE concept has been instrumental in creation of employment and infrastructure, the local community considers that no significant changes have occurred to their livelihoods. The findings suggest that the current model of wildlife conservation in Zimbabwe is not promoting total community participation. Future models need to focus on total involvement and independence from government structures. However, this can only happen when there is sufficient capacity building in communities on a wide number of issues, including general management, to ensure long-term sustainability. 相似文献
540.
High-rocky-shore intertidal animals are predicted to be generally more vulnerable to climate warming than lower-shore species, because their thermal tolerances lie closer to maximum environmental temperatures (T e). However, this prediction is based on taxonomically and ecologically limited information. The present study investigated the effect of habitat use on climate warming vulnerability of the tropical high-shore snail, Echinolittorina malaccana (from Brunei Darussalam, 5°N), which aestivates in sun-exposed or shaded habitats. The thermal regimes of these habitats differed vastly, but snails showed similar daily energy consumption in either habitat, due to temperature-insensitive metabolism (TIM) between 35 and 46 °C in the sun-resting snails. However, maximum T e values in the shade and the sun were 35 and 46 °C, respectively, suggesting that sun-resting snails, which presently experience temperatures near the incipient lethal temperature range (46–56 °C), should be more threatened by further warming than shade-resting snails, which have an 11 °C ‘safety margin’. Thus, vulnerability of high-shore species to climate warming could be moderated by availability of shaded habitat, making predictions for these species more complex than previously realized. 相似文献