碱液预处理玉米秸秆的条件优化及添加剂的选择

利用稀NaOH溶液预处理玉米秸秆,以去除木质素,减少半纤维素、纤维素的损失为目的,采用响应曲面法对预处理条件进行优化,得到的最佳预处理条件为:NaOH溶液浓度0.77%(w/w),预处理时间16 h,温度45.6℃。并且,进一步研究了不同添加剂(聚乙二醇、吐温-80和尿素)与NaOH溶液协同作用下秸秆中木质素的去除效果,结果表明尿素与NaOH的混合溶液对木质素去除效果最显著。秸秆在45.6℃,0.77%NaOH和0.2%尿素混合溶液中浸泡16 h后,纤维素回收率为86.33%,半纤维素回收率为69.89%,木质素去除率为64.93%;与原秸秆相比,纤维素含量提高了31.70%,半纤维素含量提高了6.62%,木质素含量减少了46.48%。     

Bioaccumulation and tissue distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in freshwater fishes: a case study performed in Poyang Lake,China’s largest lake

Concentrations and tissue distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in different tissues of freshwater fish, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), collected from Poyang Lake, China’s largest shallow lake, and were studied. OCPs were detected with the observed concentrations ranging from 280.67 to 1,006.58 ng/g wet weight (ww) for bighead carp and from 67.28 to 930.06 ng/g ww for silver carp. Composition analysis demonstrated OCPs in both fish were from the same polluted environment, and then, the species-specific bioaccumulation might be mainly due to the different fish age as well as the different feeding habits elucidating from the stable carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) isotope analysis. Tissue distribution indicated that dietary intake was the major exposure route of OCPs for both fish and higher accumulation potency of OCPs by the hepatobiliary-related tissues (such as liver, kidney, bile, and heart). The higher metabolic activities of these tissues elucidating from the higher values of δ¹⁵N might be the potential-determined factor responsible for the tissue-specific accumulation.     

镍渣的重金属浸出特性

在分析镍渣的矿物相组成和重金属元素含量的基础上,鉴定了镍渣样品的浸出毒性,并考察了pH、液固比和浸出时间等条件对镍渣样中铬、铅、铜和锌等重金属浸出特性的影响。结果表明,镍渣中的重金属总量约为渣样的0.9%,且铬、铜和锌的含量较高,需进行安全管理。实验所用镍渣样品为第Ⅰ类一般工业固体废物。在强酸条件下镍渣中重金属浸出浓度较大,pH3后浸出浓度显著降低;液固比40 L/kg时,镍渣中重金属不断溶出,液固比40 L/kg后,浸出达到饱和,浸出浓度趋于平衡;随着浸出时间的增加,重金属离子的浸出浓度先增加后减少,但由于各重金属性质不同,各重金属达到最大浸出浓度的时间不同。     

Biological monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in subjects living in the area of recycling electronic garbage,in Southern China

The study was undertaken to evaluate the environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in subjects living in the area of recycling electronic garbage in Southern China and research the influence of environment smoke tobacco (EST) to people through active and passive smoking. Urinary concentrations of 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydoxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene were determined in 141 randomly selected voluntary residents aged 13 to 81 years in two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-exposed groups, two control groups, and an EST research group. The concentrations of 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydoxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene in PAH-exposed groups are significantly higher (p?PAHs (PAHm) are significantly elevated through active and passive smoking, while the influence of EST to other PAHm is not statistically significant. 2-Hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydoxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene in the urine of smokers are, respectively, 3.9, 1.9, 1.4, and 1.9 times to those of nonsmokers. In nonsmokers, passive smokers excreted 1.1, 1.5, 1.9, and 1.5 times of 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydoxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene compared to nonpassive smokers.     

Distribution and ecological risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments from the East Lake,China

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are ubiquitous pollutants, and their presence in urban lakes is a concern for human and ecological health. Surface sediments in the East Lake, China, were collected in winter 2012 and summer 2013 to investigate concentrations, distribution patterns, possible sources, and potential ecological risks of OCPs in this area. The total concentrations of 14 OCPs ranged from 6.3 to 400 ng g^?1 dry weight (dw) with an average concentration of 79 ng g^?1 dw. The mean values of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) (p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD, and p,p’-DDT) were 36 and 7.6 ng g^?1 dw, accounting for 45 and 10 % of the total OCPs, respectively. The concentrations of OCPs in sediment samples collected in winter were significantly higher than those in summer, especially the HCHs, of which in winter were two times greater than summer. Composition analyses indicated that DDTs and endosulfan were mainly from historical contribution. Historical use of technical HCH and new input of lindane were probably the source of HCHs in the East Lake. Most sampling sites of HCHs and DDTs were found to have the potential ecological risk based on levels specified in the sediment quality standards.     

辉光放电等离子体氧化降解水中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯

研究了辉光放电等离子体降解水中典型的环境内分泌干扰物邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)及降解过程中过氧化氢(H2O2)的生成规律。考察了电解质种类、共存污染物(甲醇、叔丁醇)及催化剂等条件对DBP降解及H2O2生成的影响。结果表明,在硫酸钠溶液中DBP降解效率和H2O2生成速率最高;甲醇、叔丁醇等共存污染物对DBP降解和H2O2生成有抑制作用;Fe2+,Fe3+和Cu2+对DBP的降解有催化作用,其催化效果为Fe2+>Fe3+>Cu2+。用高效液相色谱、离子色谱及气质联用仪等仪器分析了降解中间产物,提出了可能的降解机理。     

Fenton氧化与铁炭微电解组合预处理DMF废水

对COD表征模拟废水中DMF去除率的可行性进行了探讨。在此基础上,分别对铁炭微电解、Fenton氧化-铁炭微电解和铁炭微电解-Fenton氧化组合工艺对DMF废水的处理效果进行分析,结果表明,Fenton氧化-铁炭微电解工艺的处理效果较好。在pH=5,反应时间为1 h,FeSO4·7H2O投加量为1 000 mg/L、H2O2投加量为2.67 mL/L和不曝气的最佳反应条件下,Fenton氧化-铁炭微电解工艺对实际废水和废液中COD的去除率分别达到66.67%和72.22%,从而验证了该工艺处理DMF废水的可行性。此外,Fenton氧化处理DMF废水过程实际上是将酰胺基团和羰基的不饱和双键氧化分解的过程。     

酸改性泥炭对含亚甲基蓝废水的吸附净化作用

采用稀硝酸对泥炭进行改性处理获得酸改性泥炭,并将其用于处理亚甲基蓝废水。考察初始溶液pH、接触时间、酸改性泥炭投加量和亚甲基蓝溶液初始浓度等因素对酸改性泥炭吸附效果影响。结果表明,初始溶液pH、接触时间、酸改性泥炭投加量和亚甲基蓝溶液初始浓度对酸改性泥炭吸附性能都有一定的影响。在最佳的反应条件下(接触时间为60 min,反应温度为35℃,初始溶液pH为7.12,酸改性泥炭投加量为2 g),亚甲基蓝去除率可达90.88%,其吸附较好地符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温方程,拟合相关系数均大于0.9。通过热力学计算发现,ΔG<0、ΔS>0,表明该吸附反应是自发的、吸热反应。且该吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程(R2=0.98)。     

酸性洗涤塔-生物滤塔-生物曝气池组合工艺处理恶臭气体NH3和H2S

采用酸性洗涤塔、生物滤塔和生物曝气池的组合工艺处理NH3、H2S恶臭混合气体,研究表明,该组合工艺对NH3和H2S有很好的去除效果,在进气流量为35 L/min,喷淋量45 L/h时,NH3进气浓度50.15~525.4 mg/m3,H2S进气浓度10.23~110.36 mg/m3时,NH3单一进气去除率稳定在99%以上,H2S单一进气去除率90%以上。混合进气后,NH3去除率几乎为100%,H2S的去除率提高至98%以上。在一定的浓度范围内,NH3和H2S之间的相互作用对两者的去除效果没有明显的影响,而且起到了相互促进降解的作用。同时,进气流量和填料层高度都会影响NH3、H2S的去除率。系统对进气容积负荷变化的缓冲能力强,在偶尔超负荷条件下运行并不能使系统崩溃,并且微生物对高负荷逐渐表现出适应性。大部分溶于水的氨由生物曝气池去除,去除率达到96.9%。     

Potential toxicity of amphenicol antibiotic: binding of chloramphenicol to human serum albumin

Antibiotics are widely used in daily life but their abuse has posed a potential threat to human health. To evaluate the toxicity of chloramphenicol (CAP) at the protein level, the interaction between CAP and human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated by fluorescence, Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and molecular docking methods. Fluorescence data revealed that the fluorescence quenching of HSA by CAP was the result of the formation of CAP–HSA complex, and the binding constant was determined to be 3.196?×?10⁴ L mol^?1 at 310 K. The thermodynamic determination indicated that the interaction was driven by enthalpy change and entropy change together, where the multiple hydrogen bonds (CAP and the residues Arg 222 and His 242 of HSA) and van der Waals forces were the dominant binding force. The site marker competition revealed that CAP bound into sub-domain IIA of HSA. The binding of CAP induced the drastic reduction in α-helix conformation and the significant enhancement in β-sheet conformation of HSA. Molecular docking study further confirmed the binding mode obtained by experimental study. This work provides a new quantitative evaluation method for antibiotics to cause the protein damage.