Effects of four commonly used UV filters on the growth,cell viability and oxidative stress responses of the Tetrahymena thermophila

UV filters are increasingly used in sunscreens and other personal care products. Although their residues have been widely identified in aquatic environment, little is known about the influences of UV filters to protozoan. The growth inhibition effects, cell viability and oxidative stress responses of four commonly used UV filters, 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 4-methyl-benzylidene camphor (4-MBC) and octocrylene (OC), to protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila were investigated in this study. The 24-h EC₅₀ values with 95% confidence intervals for BP-3 and 4-MBC were 7.544 (6.561–8.675) mg L⁻¹ and 5.125 (4.874–5.388) mg L⁻¹, respectively. EHMC and OC did not inhibit the growth of T. thermophila after 24 h exposure at the tested concentrations. The results of cell viability assays with propidium iodide (PI) staining were consistent with that of the growth inhibition tests. As for BP-3 and 4-MBC, the relatively higher concentrations, i.e. of 10.0 and 15.0 mg L⁻¹, could lead to the cell membranes impairment after 4 h exposure. With the increase of the exposure time to 6 h, their adverse effects on cell viability of T. thermophila were observed at the relatively lower concentration groups (1.0 mg L⁻¹ and 5.0 mg L⁻¹). In addition, it is noticeable that at environmentally relevant concentration (1.0 μg L⁻¹), BP-3 and 4-MBC could lead to the significant increase of catalase (CAT) activities of the T. thermophila cells. Especially for the BP-3, the oxidative injuries were further confirmed by the reduction of glutathione (GSH) content. It is imperative to further investigate the additive action of UV filters and seek other sensitive endpoint, especially at environmentally relevant concentration.     

Urinary metabolite levels of pyrethroid insecticides in infants living in an agricultural area of the Province of Jiangsu in China

Pyrethroid insecticides are extensively and increasingly applied in agricultural and residential environments in China. Children’s exposure to pesticides attracted global concerns because of their particular vulnerability. Several studies have reported residual pyrethroid levels in urine both in adults and in children. However, few published data focused on very young infants. The study aimed to assess exposure to pyrethroid insecticides in young infants and investigate the potential influence factors on pyrethroid exposure levels. Data on pyrethroids exposure was based on questionnaire items and measurement of urinary metabolite levels among 481 infants. We detected pyrethroid metabolites of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), cis- and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (cis-DCCA and trans-DCCA) in urine using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Median values for urinary pyrethroid metabolites in these infants were 0.39 μg L^?1 for 3-PBA, 0.18 μg L^?1 for cis-DCCA, 0.92 μg L^?1 for trans-DCCA, respectively. About 60.9% of the infants had urinary concentrations of three pyrethroid metabolites that were above the level of 0.10 μg L^?1 (limit of detection, LOD). These findings of the urinary metabolites were comparable or slightly higher than those children from the other countries. From questionnaire, we learned that more than 70% of households reported that they or family members had applied mosquito repellents in infants. Above data indicated the need to assess the potential adverse effects of pyrethroids exposure on infants in order to take adequate measures to protect them from pesticide exposures during early childhood.     

耐受重金属的芘降解真菌的筛选及芘降解动力学研究

为了提高复合污染土壤修复的微生物资源的丰富度,为混合菌群修复污染土壤积累资料,利用多环芳烃-重金属双抗培养基在污染土壤中筛选得到一株对Cu和Cd有高耐受性的芘降解真菌,经分子生物学鉴定为米曲霉。探究了米曲霉对芘污染水体的降解效果及对重金属Cu和Cd的耐受程度,利用缺乏生长基质的毒性抑制动力学模型对芘单基质降解过程进行了拟合,以期为后续共代谢、固定化的研究及实际工程应用提供一定的理论支撑。结果表明:(1)米曲霉以芘为单基质代谢时,降解率为33%;(2)米曲霉对重金属Cu和Cd的耐受浓度分别为500 mg/L和50 mg/L,分别高出国家土壤重金属二级标准5倍和83倍;(3)米曲霉对单基质芘的降解符合Crridle提出的毒性抑制动力学简化模型Sc=Sc0·Tb*cX0(1-e-bt)(R2=0.9237)。芘初始浓度Sc0=80 mg/L,米曲霉投加量X0=85 mg/L时,数值拟合得到内源呼吸常数b=0.027,生物转化量Tb*c=0.2875。该米曲霉对单基质芘及重金属Cu和Cd表现出一定的降解性能及耐受性能,故可经过适当强化后作为多环芳烃-重金属污染土壤的微生物修复菌种。     

以吡啶、喹啉和吲哚为单一碳源时反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累及动力学研究

以吡啶、喹啉和吲哚为单一碳源,通过摇床实验进行反硝化过程动力学研究。实验结果表明,以吡啶和喹啉为单一碳源的反硝化过程中,NO-2-N的积累率分别达到了53.4%和16.4%;以吲哚为单一碳源的反硝化过程中,NO-2-N的积累现象不明显,最高不超过4%。以NO-3-N+0.6 NO-2-N作为反硝化电子受体,采用基于Monod方程的动态模型进行拟合,拟合曲线与实验测定值相关性良好。其次,采用基于Monod方程的微分方程组模型,也能够很好地拟合3种碳源条件下反硝化过程硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐质量浓度的变化,得到相应的动力学参数。     

转轮式洗轮机对车轮带泥的冲洗效果简

施工车辆车轮带泥是我国道路扬尘污染控制面临的共性和突出问题。为在国内推广使用洗轮机提供技术依据,通过检测工地出口外道路积尘负荷来估算转轮式洗轮机对车轮带泥的冲洗效率,并以该洗轮机作为车轮带泥检测设备,检测和统计北京市车轮带泥量。结果表明,（1）转轮式洗轮机可以将工地出口外100 m道路积尘负荷增量由64.4 g/m²降至5.9 g/m²,转轮式洗轮机对车轮带泥的冲洗效率大于90%;（2）渣土车和混凝土车车轮带泥量的平均值分别为5.1和2.2 kg/车;（3）北京市未来车轮带泥量将超过8.8万t/a,施工车辆全部经过转轮式洗轮机冲洗后,车轮带泥量可削减7.9万t/a。建议在相关法律法规中以强制性条款落实施工车辆车轮带泥机械化冲洗要求。     

模拟酸雨对氧化锰吸附砷(Ⅲ)的解吸行为研究

以合成的氧化锰为吸附剂研究了酸雨pH值、酸雨离子强度、解吸时间和解吸次数等因素对模拟酸雨解吸砷(Ⅲ)的影响。实验结果表明:氧化锰对砷(Ⅲ)吸附容量较大,等温平衡吸附量为:48.38 mg/g。模拟酸雨的pH值与离子强度对砷(Ⅲ)的解吸影响不大;解吸反应在90 min后基本达到平衡,平衡解吸量为2.69×10-2mg/g;随解吸次数的增加解吸量变化不大。氧化锰对砷(Ⅲ)的吸附主要是专性的配位吸附,吸附砷(Ⅲ)后难以被模拟酸雨解吸。     

油页岩循环流化床锅炉底渣和飞灰中重金属元素浸出毒性研究

为了研究我国桦甸油页岩65 t/h循环流化床锅炉的底渣和飞灰中重金属元素Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的赋存状态及不同酸度条件下的浸出特性,分别进行了逐级提取实验和分批浸出的淋滤实验。逐级提取实验结果表明,这4种元素在底渣和飞灰中具有基本相当的赋存状态。硫化物结合态和稳定的残渣态是各元素的主要赋存状态,元素的潜在浸出能力大小表现为:PbCrCuZn,飞灰中各元素的潜在浸出能力大于底渣中的。浸出实验结果表明,元素的赋存状态决定了其浸提能力,浸提液的pH值对各元素浸出能力的影响不尽相同,各元素的浸出能力随浸提时间的延长都会趋于平衡,Cr和Pb的浸出浓度都高于地表水和饮用水的国家标准。     

混凝工艺水力条件的优化与絮体尺寸特性的研究

制造更优的混合和絮凝设备,其核心技术在于设备所提供的水力条件是否更加有利于絮体的形成、是否更加有利于水质处理效果的提高。以成都市府南河水为原水,在不同的快搅强度和不同的快搅时间下进行混凝杯罐实验,混凝剂为硫酸铝、氯化铁,采用激光粒度仪Mastersizer 2000测量絮体平均粒径随时间的变化过程,以去除浊度为目标,分析最优水力条件。实验得到如下结论:(1)快搅强度对氯化铁混凝剂水质处理效果有着明显的影响,快搅时间对硫酸铝和氯化铁混凝剂水质处理效果均有明显影响;(2)以浊度为去除目标,对于硫酸铝通过实验确定快速搅拌强度为250 r/min时,快速搅拌时间为60 s时,水质处理效果最好;(3)以浊度为去除目标,对于氯化铁确定快速搅拌强度为300 r/min时,快速搅拌时间为60 s时,水质处理效果最好。     

铈锆固溶体负载LaCoO_3催化碳烟的性能和表征

用柠檬酸法制备了铈锆固溶体负载不同量LaCoO3的催化剂。用热重法测试了催化剂样品对碳烟的催化活性。采用程序升温还原法(H2-TPR)、BET、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)和X-射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)对催化剂进行了测试。结果表明,铈锆固溶体表面形成了稳定的LaCoO3钙钛矿相结构;负载量为30%LaCoO3的催化剂具有最高的催化活性,起燃温度降到530℃;催化剂的催化活性与催化剂还原峰强度以及催化剂表面氧物种OII的含量紧密相关。     

大气降水重金属含量特征及来源分析

于2010年1月至12月采集鄱阳湖流域8个县市的大气降水样品,用原子吸收分光光度计测定大气降水中溶解态Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、Fe等重金属离子,阐述鄱阳湖流域大气降水中重金属含量及分布特征,并分析各种重金属来源。结果表明,Pb年际平均质量浓度为9.53μg/L,Cu为11.32μg/L,Zn为33.73μg/L,Cd为1.55μg/L,Cr为9.09μg/L,Fe为142.65μg/L。Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr受人为因素影响较大,主要来源于第二产业和第三产业,Zn和Fe受人类影响较小,Zn主要来源为天然源,Fe来源于混合源。