广州市某A2/O工艺城镇污水处理厂出水对大型溞的生殖毒性作用

城镇污水处理厂废水中存在大量生物毒性物质,但该废水对动物的生殖能力影响研究还十分缺乏。利用大型溞暴露实验,检测广州市某采用A~2/O工艺的城镇污水处理厂出水的急性毒性和生殖毒性。48 h急性毒性实验表明,所有水样均未表现出急性毒性效应。慢性生殖毒性(14 d)测试结果表明:(1)从进水到缺氧池出水均能显著提高第一胎产溞数量;(2)进水和沉砂池出水显著增加受试期总产溞数量;(3)从厌氧池到出水工艺段受试溞的第一胎产溞时间均推后;(4)好氧池出水的毒性显著降低,但仍然对大型溞具有生殖毒性。研究表明,好氧池(A~2/O)工艺能够显著去除具有大型溞生殖毒性的物质,但污水处理厂废水的生殖毒性仍需要引起关注。     

食品中砷和硒生物可给性研究及健康风险/有益性评价

硒(Se)是人体必需的微量元素,一般通过大米和海鲜摄入。然而大米和海鲜是人体砷(As)暴露的主要途径之一。采用ICP-MS对广州市售的大米和3种鱼中砷和硒浓度进行了检测,并通过体外(in vitro)模拟胃肠消化(PBET)法对鱼肉中砷和硒的生物可给性进行了考察。结果表明,大米和鱼肉中砷的浓度分别为0.085～0.168μg·g~(-1)和2.224～5.533μg·g~(-1),硒的浓度分别为0.098～0.190μg·g~(-1)和1.641～2.315μg·g~(-1)。大米和鱼肉中86.86%～99.34%和51.95%～75.64%的砷生物可给,76.73%～85.44%和71.48%～79.83%的硒生物可给。通过大米和鱼肉摄入的硒基本可以满足人体需求。通过大米和3种鱼摄入的无机砷占国际粮农组织和世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)公布的无机砷的每日最高允许摄入量(TWI)2.1μg·kg~(-1)BW的0.5%～35.7%,但是摄入无机砷的致癌风险分别为1.69×10~(-5)～5.81×10~(-4)和2.13×10~(-4)～7.34×10~(-4),是可接受或可容忍的风险的0.17～7.3倍,尤其是小孩,更易摄入砷产生毒害。     

超临界流体技术及其在环境保护中的应用

从超临界流体萃取、超临界水氧化、催化超临界水氧化和超临界流体色谱等四个方面介绍超临界流体技术在环境分析、环境污染治理中的应用和发展方向。     

Impacts of advanced treatment processes on elimination of antibiotic resistance genes in a municipal wastewater treatment plant

The distributions of ARGs were monitored in a WWTP in Harbin during six months. CASS had the best removal efficacy of ARGs compared to other processes in the WWTP. UV disinfection could effectively control the HGT. AGAC significantly remove ARGs and organics due to its high absorption capacity. Combination of ozone and AGAC significantly improve removal of ARGs and organics. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) pose a serious threat to public health. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are essential for controlling the release of ARGs into the environment. This study investigated ARG distribution at every step in the treatment process of a municipal WWTP located in Harbin for six consecutive months. Changes in ARG distribution involved in two advanced secondary effluent treatment processes, ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, were analyzed. Biological treatment resulted in the highest ARG removal (0.76–1.94 log reduction), followed by ultraviolet (UV) disinfection (less than 0.5-log reduction). Primary treatment could not significantly remove ARGs. ARG removal efficiency increased with an increase in the ozone dose below 40 mg/L. However, amorphous GAC (AGAC) adsorption with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1 h showed better removal of ARGs, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) than ozonation at a 60 mg/L dose. UV treatment could efficiently reduce the relative ARG abundance, despite presenting the lowest efficiency for the reduction of absolute ARG abundance compared with GAC and ozone treatments. The combination of ozone and AGAC can significantly improve the removal of ARGs, TOC, TN and TP. These results indicate that a treatment including biological processing, ozonation, and AGAC adsorption is a promising strategy for removing ARGs and refractory organic substances from sewage.     

Effects of different types of biochar on the properties and reactivity of nano zero-valent iron in soil remediation

• Biochar enhanced the mobility and stability of zero-valent iron nanoparticles. • Particle performance was best when the BC:nZVI mass ratio was 1:1. • Bagasse-BC@nZVI removed 66.8% of BDE209. The addition of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) is a promising technology for the in situ remediation of soil. Unfortunately, the mobility and, consequently, the reactivity of nZVI particles in contaminated areas decrease due to their rapid aggregation. In this study, we determined how nZVI particles can be stabilized using different types of biochar (BC) as a support (BC@nZVI). In addition, we investigated the transport behavior of the synthesized BC@nZVI particles in a column filled with porous media and their effectiveness in the removal of BDE209 (decabromodiphenyl ether) from soil. The characterization results of N₂ Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analyses, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that nZVI was successfully loaded into the BC. The sedimentation test results and the experimental breakthrough curves indicated that all of the BC@nZVI composites manifested better stability and mobility than did the bare-nZVI particles, and the transport capacity of the particles increased with increasing flow velocity and porous medium size. Furthermore, the maximum concentrations of the column effluent for bagasse–BC@nZVI (B–BC@nZVI) were 19%, 37% and 48% higher than those for rice straw–BC@nZVI (R–BC@nZVI), wood chips–BC@nZVI (W–BC@nZVI) and corn stalks–BC@nZVI (C–BC@nZVI), respectively. A similar order was found for the removal and debromination efficiency of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) by the aforementioned particles. Overall, the attachment of nZVI particles to BC significantly increased the reactivity, stability and mobility of B–BC@nZVI yielded, and nZVI the best performance.     

Experimental and computational assessment of 1,4-Dioxane degradation in a photo-Fenton reactive ceramic membrane filtration process

• 1,4-Dioxane was degraded via the photo-Fenton reactive membrane filtration. • Degradation efficiency and AQY were both enhanced in photocatalytic membrane. • There is a tradeoff between photocatalytic degradation and membrane permeation flux. • Degradation pathways of 1,4-Dioxane is revealed by DFT analysis. The present study evaluated a photo-Fenton reactive membrane that achieved enhanced 1,4-Dioxane removal performance. As a common organic solvent and stabilizer, 1,4-Dioxane is widely used in a variety of industrial products and poses negative environmental and health impacts. The membrane was prepared by covalently coating photocatalyst of goethite (α-FeOOH) on a ceramic porous membrane as we reported previously. The effects of UV irradiation, H₂O₂ and catalyst on the removal efficiency of 1,4-Dioxane in batch reactors were first evaluated for optimized reaction conditions, followed by a systematical investigation of 1,4-Dioxane removal in the photo-Fenton membrane filtration mode. Under optimized conditions, the 1,4-Dioxane removal rate reached up to 16% with combination of 2 mmol/L H₂O₂ and UV₃₆₅ irradiation (2000 µW/cm²) when the feed water was filtered by the photo-Fenton reactive membrane at a hydraulic retention time of 6 min. The removal efficiency and apparent quantum yield (AQY) were both enhanced in the filtration compared to the batch mode of the same photo-Fenton reaction. Moreover, the proposed degradation pathways were analyzed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which provided a new insight into the degradation mechanisms of 1,4-Dioxane in photo-Fenton reactions on the functionalized ceramic membrane.     

基于熵权法-CIM模型的高速公路施工临近房屋安全风险评价

为了评估高速公路施工对临近房屋的安全影响,基于房屋因素、施工技术与管理因素、房屋周边环境因素,提出了高速公路施工临近房屋安全风险评价指标体系。以某高速公路施工临近10处房屋为研究对象,采用基于熵权法-CIM模型的混合安全风险评价方法,首先计算指标权重;再以其中1处房屋为例,确定其安全风险概率,结果表明:该处房屋安全风险总体较高,基本符合工程施工中的监测结果。     

原水碳源分子量分布及DPB效能对酸化时间的响应

采用超滤-纳滤膜法对污水中碳源分子量(MW)进行切割试验,并测定各区间总有机碳(TOC)浓度以了解污水碳源组成特性;同时采用污水酸化技术,研究在不同酸化时间,碳源分子量分布的变化及对厌氧-膜好氧-反硝化(A2N)工艺中反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)用碳和净污效能的影响.结果表明,试验原水TOC为(58.3±2.83) mg /L,其中颗粒有机碳(POC)为(38.05±1.65)mg /L,占65.27%,剩余溶解有机碳(DOC)在分子量0.5kDa以上区间呈现“W”型分布,其中 MW>100kDa、10k~5kDa、1k~0.5kDa、MW<0.5kDa区间碳源分别占36.20%、12.05%、13.68%和29.83%.在不同酸化时间下,POC含量与DOC分布存在显著差异,在12h内酸化,可以有效将POC转化为DOC,且在14mg/L左右趋于平衡;DOC在大于0.5kDa区间上的分布呈现随时间而整体后移的趋势,在8h时碳源质量最优,其中MW<1kDa的小分子有机物高达17.30mg/L;此时,DPB污泥在厌氧池与缺氧池中的碳源利用率分别为 83.48%、79.59%,比0h时分别提高了23.56%、18.03%;TN、TP去除率分别提高了14.63%、16.98%.     

Washing out heavy metals from contaminated soils from an iron and steel smelting site

Washing is a promising method for separating contaminants bound to the particles of soil ex-situ by chemical mobilization. Laboratory batch washing experiments were conducted using deionized water and varying concentrations of oxalic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid and ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid (EDTA) to assess the efficiency of using these chemicals as washing agents and to clean up heavy metals from two heavily polluted soils from an iron and streel smelting site. The toxicity reduction index and remediation costs were analyzed, and the results showed that the soils were polluted with Cd, Pb and Zn. Hydrochloric acid and EDTA were more efficient than the other washing agents in the remediation of the test soils. The maximum total toxicity reduction index showed that 0.5 mol·L^-1 hydrochloric acid could achieve the remediation with the lowest costs.     

加压酸浸法提取粉煤灰中的Al2O3和Fe2O3

采用加压酸浸法提取粉煤灰中的A12O3和Fe2O3.实验研究了粉煤灰粒径、硫酸质量分数、反应时间、反应温度对粉煤灰中Al2O3和Fe2O3浸取率的影响,并通过SEM对粉煤灰酸浸前后的形貌进行了分析.实验结果表明,当粉煤灰粒径为75μm、硫酸质量分数为50％、反应温度为180℃、反应时间为4h时,粉煤灰中的Al2O3浸取率可达82.4％,Fe2O3浸取率为76.1％,经酸浸后粉煤灰的剩余率为72.4％.