北京市畜禽粪便土地利用适宜性分析

以北京市为研究区域,基于GIS下采用权重线性加和模型(WLC),综合自然、环境、社会和经济等多因子.对北京市畜禽粪便土地利用的适宜性进行了定量分析.结果表明,北京市10个郊区县适合施用畜禽粪便的耕地面积为1605.3 km2,占耕地总面积的35.3%,主要分布在北京市的南部、东南部和中部地区.聚类分析将全市郊区划分为东南部、北部、西南部和中部4个区域.东南部和中部远郊平原区比较适合发展畜禽养殖业,目前的养殖量与最大承载量之间尚存在一定空间;但是由于城镇化的加快,可施用粪便的农田与居民区的安全距离成为影响粪便施用的主要因素,需要结合有效的管理措施以避免畜禽粪便土地利用的污染风险.北部和西南部远郊低山丘陵区应适度控制畜禽养殖业的发展,由于北部区县(延庆、怀柔、密云和平谷)河流密集,并分布有北京市的主要地表水源,故与水体的安全距离对该地区的耕地施用粪便有重要影响;应控制和减少土壤沙化及水土流失,同时建立滨岸缓冲带来控制畜禽粪便土地利用对水体的进一步污染,以达到经济发展和环境保护的双重目的.     

超声波/铁-炭微电解协同降解苯酚

采用超声波/铁-炭微电解联用体系,以苯酚为目标污染物,考察了苯酚溶液初始pH值、初始浓度、铁屑与活性炭投加量等因素对联用体系降解苯酚效果的影响.结果表明:考察范围内,苯酚降解率随其初始浓度和溶液初始pH值的增加而降低,随铁屑与活性炭投加量的增加而升高.当苯酚初始浓度由50mg·L-1增至270mg·L-1,溶液初始pH值由3.0增至9.0时,降解率分别由91.3%和78.4%降至34.7%和50.7%;铁屑投加量为每L苯酚溶液中40g、160g和320g,铁屑与活性炭体积比均为1:1时,降解率依次为31.8%、51.9%和72.8%.对比实验及动力学分析表明:联用体系中超声波(US)和铁-炭微电解对苯酚降解具有明显的协同作用,协同因子E=5.12,且降解过程符合假一级动力学规律,并根据降解速率常数随各影响因素的变化关系确定了宏观动力学模型.     

包埋固定化微生物厌氧反应器启动特性研究

为克服难降解废水厌氧微生物反应器启动初期生物易流失和启动过程缓慢的缺点,将厌氧絮状污泥进行固定化包埋作为厌氧反应器的接种污泥处理有毒难降解的PTA废水,同时考察固定化细菌在厌氧反应器启动过程中的变化特性.结果表明,经过136 d的运行,反应器在COD有机负荷为3 kg.(m3.d)-1,水力停留时间为3~4 d的运行条件下,PTA废水的COD去除率可以达到75%~85%,且系统具有比较好的稳定性和生物量保持能力.另一方面,胞外聚合物(EPS)的变化、产甲烷菌DNA特异性扩增和包埋颗粒的扫描电镜观察结果表明,虽然包埋载体在一定程度上限制了传质速度,但包埋颗粒中的厌氧微生物在微生物相和数量上都仍有显著的变化和增长.     

耕地复种指数研究的国内外进展

耕地是维系粮食安全的重要资源,复种指数是耕地的一个重要属性。论文从复种指数提取方法、复种指数应用以及复种指数潜力三个方面,对国内外在复种指数领域的研究进展及其特点进行了总结归纳,发现遥感技术在复种指数的提取中发挥着重要的作用,复种指数的应用呈现了多元化的趋势,而复种指数潜力也存在着由定性向定量化发展的趋势。未来,复种指数提取方法的改进、复种指数的动态机制以及影响复种指数提高的原因分析等将成为重要的研究内容。     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

An experiments were carried out with treatments differing in nitrogen supply (0, 5 and 15 g N/m²) and CO₂ levels (350 and 700 μmol/mol) using OTC (open top chamber) equipment to investigate the biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia and soil active carbon contents after two years. The results showed that elevated CO₂ concentration increased the biomass of C. angustifolia and the magnitude of response varied with each growth period. Elevated CO₂ concentration has increased aboveground biomass by 16.7% and 17.6% during the jointing and heading periods and only 3.5% and 9.4% during dough and maturity periods. The increases in belowground biomass due to CO₂ elevation was 26.5%, 34.0% and 28.7% during the heading, dough and maturity periods, respectively. The responses of biomass to enhanced CO₂ concentrations are differed in N levels. Both the increase of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were greater under high level of N supply (15 g N/m²). Elevated CO₂ concentration also increased the allocation of biomass and carbon in root. Under elevated CO₂ concentration, the average values of active carbon tended to increase. The increases of soil active soil contents followed the sequence of microbial biomass carbon (10.6%) > dissolved organic carbon (7.5%) > labile oxidable carbon (6.6%) > carbohydrate carbon (4.1%). Stepwise regressions indicated there were significant correlations between the soil active carbon contents and plant biomass. Particularly, microbial biomass carbon, labile oxidable carbon and carbohydrate carbon were found to be correlated with belowground biomass, while dissolved organic carbon has correlation with aboveground biomass. Therefore, increased biomass was regarded as the main driving force for the increase in soil active organic carbon under elevated CO₂ concentration.     

Characterization of refuse landfill leachates of three di erent stages in landfill stabilization process

Landfill leachates with di erent ages (mature leachate, 11 years; semi-mature leachate, 5 years; fresh leachate, under operation) were collected from Laogang Refuse Landfill, Shanghai to characterize the colloid size distribution and variations of leachate. These leachates were separated using micro-filtration and ultra-filtration into specific size fractions, i.e., suspended particles (SP) (> 1.2 m), coarse colloids (CC) (1.2–0.45 m), fine colloids (FC) (0.45 m, 5 kDa/1 kDa molecular weight (MW)), and dissolved organic matters (DM, < 5 kDa/1 kDa MW). The specific colloids in each size fraction were quantified and characterized through chemical oxygen demands (COD), total solid (TS), pH, NH4 +-N, total organic carbon (TOC) and fixed solid (FS). It was found that COD, NH4 +-N and TS in leachate decreased significantly over ages, while pH increased. The dissolved fractions (< 5 kDa/1 kDa) dominated (over 50%) in three leachates in terms of COD, and the organic matter content in dissolved fraction of leachates decreased and the inorganic matter increased as the disposal time extended, with the TOC/COD ratio 30%–7%. Dissolved fractions decreased from 82% to 40% in terms of TOC as the disposal time extended, suggested that the organic matter remained in leachate would form into middle molecular weight substances during the degradation process.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

An experiments were carried out with treatments di ering in nitrogen supply (0, 5 and 15 g N/m2) and CO2 levels (350 and 700 mol/mol) using OTC (open top chamber) equipment to investigate the biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia and soil active carbon contents after two years. The results showed that elevated CO2 concentration increased the biomass of C. angustifolia and the magnitude of response varied with each growth period. Elevated CO2 concentration has increased aboveground biomass by 16.7% and 17.6% during the jointing and heading periods and only 3.5% and 9.4% during dough and maturity periods. The increases in belowground biomass due to CO2 elevation was 26.5%, 34.0% and 28.7% during the heading, dough and maturity periods, respectively. The responses of biomass to enhanced CO2 concentrations are di ered in N levels. Both the increase of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were greater under high level of N supply (15 g N/m2). Elevated CO2 concentration also increased the allocation of biomass and carbon in root. Under elevated CO2 concentration, the average values of active carbon tended to increase. The increases of soil active soil contents followed the sequence of microbial biomass carbon (10.6%) > dissolved organic carbon (7.5%) > labile oxidable carbon (6.6%) > carbohydrate carbon (4.1%). Stepwise regressions indicated there were significant correlations between the soil active carbon contents and plant biomass. Particularly, microbial biomass carbon, labile oxidable carbon and carbohydrate carbon were found to be correlated with belowground biomass, while dissolved organic carbon has correlation with aboveground biomass. Therefore, increased biomass was regarded as the main driving force for the increase in soil active organic carbon under elevated CO2 concentration.     

气象模拟误差对异戊二烯排放估算的影响

利用MEGAN模式估算了珠三角地区2006年异戊二烯的排放情况,并设计了两组敏感性实验深入探讨了气象模拟误差对异戊二烯排放的影响.估算结果显示,2006年珠三角地区异戊二烯的排放量为95.56×106kg(以C计),且主要分布在珠三角地区周边植被覆盖较高的地方;受气象条件季节变化的影响,异戊二烯的排放表现出显著的季节和日变化特征,最大异戊二烯排放通量季节出现在夏季,为0.920t·km-2(以C计),最大排放速率均出现在13:00.敏感性实验结果显示,气象模拟误差能显著影响异戊二烯的排放,升高(降低)太阳辐射的输入,异戊二烯的排放量增加(减小)36.20%～50.70%(30.73%～41.88%),大于温度改变引起的排放量变化;升高(降低)气象输入并不会改变异戊二烯排放的日变化特征,但能显著影响排放速率的大小.上午8:00或下午17:00,异戊二烯排放速率的改变最为明显.     

生态足迹理论在能源消费评价中的缺陷与改进探讨

生态足迹从生物生产力的角度定量测度人类消费活动对生态环境的综合性影响,是目前应用范围最广、关注程度最高的可持续发展评价方法,具有简明易懂、便于操作、易与其他指标结合等优点。论文在总结国内外主要研究成果与进展的基础上,针对现有评价结果较为悲观、难以真实反映人类消费对生态环境影响等问题,系统归纳和分析了生态足迹理论在能源消费评价中的5项缺陷:①参数选取面临两难;②度量标准存在矛盾;③互斥假设有违事实;④研究内容涵盖不全;⑤评价结果部分失真。据此提出了有针对性的改进建议,并认为前三项缺陷必须尽快修正,后两项缺陷需要逐步克服。还应通过学科交叉引入更多经济社会指标进行综合判断,以促进区域可持续发展评价这一系统性工程的不断完善。     

乌昌地区资源型产业的集聚特征及其城市化效应研究

以能矿资源为基础原料的资源型产业是工业发展的重要动力,对于资源型产业正处于兴盛期的城市发展更是具有明显的推动作用。论文将资源型产业作为单个影响因素,采用产业结构变动值、产业结构变动系数、产业结构熵数和区位熵等方法,选择典型干旱区城镇发展区域乌昌地区,对该区域资源型产业的时空演化和集聚特征及其对绿洲城镇发展的作用采用定性和定量相结合的方法进行深入分析。结果表明:资源型产业对乌昌地区产业集聚的地域、类型、工业内部结构以及城市的扩展方式和空间结构产生了重要影响;受绿洲城镇分散性的影响,资源型产业对乌昌地区空间结构的影响表现为轴向扩展和圈层扩展并进;资源型产业选择就近城市转移,对于较远的县市集聚大于扩散,中心城镇的辐射带动作用较弱。