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Lynne E. Gratz Gerald J. Keeler Eric K. Miller 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(39):6218-6229
Daily-event precipitation samples collected in Underhill, VT from 1995 to 2006 were analyzed for total mercury and results suggest that there were no statistically significant changes in annual mercury wet deposition over time, despite significant emissions reductions in the Northeast United States. Meteorological analysis indicates that mercury deposition has not decreased as transport of emissions from major source regions in the Midwest and East Coast have consistently contributed to the largest observed mercury wet deposition amounts over the period. In contrast, annual volume-weighted mean (VWM) mercury concentration declined slightly over the 12-years, and a significant decrease was observed from CY 2001 to 2006. An increase in the total annual precipitation amount corresponded with the decline in annual VWM mercury concentration. Analysis suggests that the increase in precipitation observed was strongly related to changes in the amount and type of precipitation that fell seasonally, and this departure was attributed to a response in meteorological conditions to climate variability and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. Increased amounts of rainfall and mixed precipitation (mixture of rainfall and snowfall), particularly in the spring and fall seasons, enhanced annual precipitation amounts and resulted in declining VWM mercury concentrations during these periods. Thus, declines in concentration at the more remote Underhill site appear to be more directly linked to local scale meteorological and climatological variability than to a reduction in emissions of mercury to the atmosphere. 相似文献
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Wade Miller 《环境质量管理》2001,10(4):65-77
EPA's proposal outlines technology‐based effluent limits and pretreatment standards for waste‐water discharges from facilities that manufacture, rebuild, repair, or maintain finished metal products, parts, or machines. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
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The acoustic behaviour of Eptesicus serotinus was investigated in the field using a 13.5-m vertical, linear microphone array that allowed for simultaneous recordings at
three different heights and for the calculation of flight altitude and distance from the array. Recordings were made at two
locations that differed in bat species diversity. E. serotinus hunted on average at an altitude of 10.7 m (±2.7) at one location and 6.8 m (±3.6) at the other location. Search signals
were 5–17 ms long depending on flight altitude, and consisted of two to three frequency-modulated harmonics. For bats flying
below 8–10 m altitude, signal duration decreased with decreasing flight altitude, whereas signal interval, terminal frequency,
peak frequency and frequency range of the first harmonic increased. Above 8–10 m flight altitude, the signal parameters were
fairly constant. The –10 dB bandwidth and duty cycle did not change with flight altitude. Source levels were calculated to
between 121 and 125 dB peSPL re 20 μPa at 10 cm. For bats flying higher than 9 m, the microphone placed 1.5 m above the ground
recorded significantly reduced signal durations and frequency ranges of the first harmonic compared to the same signals recorded
with the microphones at heights of 7 or 15 m. We caution the use of ground recordings to fully describe the echolocation signals
of high-flying bats. We demonstrate that flight altitude significantly influences the structure of sonar signals from E. serotinus.
Received: 17 May 1999 / Received in revised form: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 25 September 1999 相似文献
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Adaptive introgression as a resource for management and genetic conservation in a changing climate
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Current rates of climate change require organisms to respond through migration, phenotypic plasticity, or genetic changes via adaptation. We focused on questions regarding species’ and populations’ ability to respond to climate change through adaptation. Specifically, the role adaptive introgression, movement of genetic material from the genome of 1 species into the genome of another through repeated interbreeding, may play in increasing species’ ability to respond to a changing climate. Such interspecific gene flow may mediate extinction risk or consequences of limited adaptive potential that result from standing genetic variation and mutation alone, enabling a quicker demographic recovery in response to changing environments. Despite the near dismissal of the potential benefits of hybridization by conservation practitioners, we examined a number of case studies across different taxa that suggest gene flow between sympatric or parapatric sister species or within species that exhibit strong ecotypic differentiation may represent an underutilized management option to conserve evolutionary potential in a changing environment. This will be particularly true where advanced‐generation hybrids exhibit adaptive traits outside the parental phenotypic range, a phenomenon known as transgressive segregation. The ideas presented in this essay are meant to provoke discussion regarding how we maintain evolutionary potential, the conservation value of natural hybrid zones, and consideration of their important role in adaptation to climate. 相似文献
179.
Runoff from intensive dairy farming systems can impair the quality of catchment waters, with potential ecological and human health implications. A water quality study was carried out in three streams in a predominantly dairy farming region, with the aim of assessing the effects of diffused- and point-sourced inputs on a number of water quality parameters and benthic macroinvertebrates. the results showed significant increases in streamwater biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N) and molybdate reactive phosphorus (MRP) concentrations between the farm reaches. These changes in water quality appeared to be due largely to the point-sourced inputs from farmyards, and had a significant effect on the ability of the water to support a healthy and diverse community of invertebrates. the results also showed that concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) and ammonium in streamwater were the two most important parameters studied that were inversely related to the invertebrate scores. 相似文献
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