Ligand-assisted degradation of carbon tetrachloride by microscale zero-valent iron

Degradation of carbon tetrachloride (CT) by microscale zero-valent iron (ZVI) was investigated in batch systems with or without organic ligands (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid and oxalic acid) at pHs from 3.5 to 7.5. The results demonstrated that at 25°C, the dechlorination of CT by microscale ZVI is slow in the absence of organic ligands, with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.0217 h(-1) at pH 3.5 and being further dropped to 0.0052 h(-1) at pH 7.5. However, addition of organic ligands significantly enhanced the rates and the extents of CT removal, as indicated by the rate constant increases of 39, 31, 32, 28 and 18 times in the presence of EDTA, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid and oxalic acid, respectively, at pH 3.5 and 25°C. The effect of EDTA was most significant; the dechlorination of CT at an initial concentration of 20 mg l(-1) increased from 16.3% (no ligands) to 89.1% (with EDTA) at the end of 8h reaction. The enhanced CT degradation in the presence of organic ligands was primarily attributed to the elimination of a surface passivation layer of Fe(III) (hydr)oxides on the microscale ZVI through chelating of organic ligands with Fe(III), which maintained the exposure of active sites on ZVI surface to CT.     

人工神经网络用于铅的化学形态模拟计算

用前馈线性网络法求解水体系中Ｐｂ（２＋）与ＯＨ－之间的反应常数，不同训练算法对求解结果的精度、收敛速度及权值均有影响．结果表明，批处理算法的精度最好，权值不出现负值，但运算时间最长；在线算法的精度虽不如批处理算法，而比数据变换－在线算法好，权值有时会出现负值．运算时间较长；数据变换－在线算法的优点是运算时间短，但相对误差较大，权值出现负值的机会多。采用反馈网络模拟计算铅的各种化学形态的浓度．用物料核算的方法对反馈网络模型进行检验表明，此种模型用于平衡计算是可行的，详细分析了理论模拟和实验曲线的差异的原因，温度的影响最小，在４＜ｐＨ＜９时，ＣＯ有重要的影响．在国代检验时，ｎ值取整所引入的误差的影响亦不可忽视。从本文的结果可以看到，采用前馈网络和反馈网络相结合的方法考察水体中的化学形态是可行的．从而为解决这一类问题提供了一种可能的途径．     

不同源类型农业非点源负荷特征研究——以新田小流域为例

以珠江三角洲北部新田小流域为研究对象,采用源类型法,在流域范围内建立林地、果园、旱地和水田四个全封闭的农业用地单元,并对四个单元出口处的径流量进行同步采样,分析COD、BOD、氨氮、总氮和总磷等污染物的负荷特征.结果表明:(1)流域地表水存在着明显非点源污染现象,不同源类型,地表径流的污染程度不同.(2)不同源类型农业非点源污染负荷强度不同,其中水田、旱地单位面积非点源负荷强度较大,果园、林地各项污染物的负荷强度相对最小.受地表扰动、施肥等人类活动影响,流域内水田、旱地是农业非点源污染发生的关键源区.(3)流域范围内,不同源类型农业非点源负荷总量不同,其中,果园各项污染物非点源负荷总量最大,其次是林地,水田、旱地非点源负荷输出总量较小,流域范围内,源面积成为影响非点源负荷总量的主要因素.(4)相应的非点源污染治理不仅是关键源区,同时应关注大面积流失区.     

有机酸对铬超富集植物李氏禾吸收Cu的影响

许多研究表明有机酸的施加对植物吸收重金属的量具有不同的影响.文章采用盆栽试验研究了EDTA、柠檬酸、草酸和酒石酸对土壤中Cu的活化和李氏禾(Leersia hexandra Swartz)吸收Cu的影响.结果表明,当向土壤中施加质量摩尔浓度为2 mmol·kg-1的EDTA时,土壤中Cu质量分数为220.16 mg·kg-1与空白土壤中500.31 mg·kg-1相比明显减少,说明EDTA可以极显著的降低土壤中的铜质量分数,使其转化成水提取态的Cu浮于土壤表面,并大部分聚集在根部周围,同时向土壤中施加EDTA不但促进了对Cu的活化而且显著提高了李氏禾对Cu的吸收,叶中最高质量分数达到336.54 mg·kg-1是对照中80.34 mg·kg-1的四倍;而柠檬酸、草酸和酒石酸则抑制了Cu的活化,但对李氏禾地上部分的Cu质量分数影响不大.有机酸对Cu的影响相对较弱,除EDTA显著降低了土壤中Cu质量分数外,其他有机酸对Cu的活化和李氏禾吸收Cu的影响与对照均没有明显差异.     

Ethylenediamine-modified activated carbon for aqueous lead adsorption

This study is to develop a carbon-based adsorbent containing multiple functional ligands for effective removal of lead ions from aqueous media. Activated carbon was oxidized by nitric acid, followed by chlorination with thionyl chloride and reaction with ethylenediamine. Modified activated carbon (MAC) was characterized using scanning electron microscopy in conjunction of energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and potentiometric titration. Surface characterizations confirmed that carboxyl, amine, and chlorine functional groups were effectively introduced onto the carbon surface by the treatments. The modifications lowered the pH at the point of zero charge (pH_pzc) from 9.6 to 2.55 and resulted in more negatively charged surfaces. Adsorptive experiments showed that aqueous Pb removal by MAC was faster, with a 62% higher capacity than the original activated carbon (60.2 vs. 37.2 mg g⁻¹).     

OECD鱼类生物蓄积测试的优化策略研究

作为化学品风险管理中的重要环境行为参数,生物蓄积性不仅是分类、标签、评价和控制环境风险的基本指标,也是鉴别化学物质持久性和环境危害性的重要标准。2012年OECD颁布了新的生物蓄积测试方法,由此给生物蓄积优化策略带来了全新的挑战,原有的判别优化策略的方法需要作出新的发展与调整。针对新生物蓄积测试方法引发的优化策略挑战,通过层次研究及文献分析,归纳了基于OECD新305生物蓄积测试标准的优化测试策略,为优化、简化测试及化学品安全管理提供了科学基础。     

小氮肥厂的三废及其治理

论述了小氮肥厂生产中废水、废气和废渣和产生及其废水，废气的治理方法与效果。介绍了利用废渣制砖和水泥的技术。     

Geotechnical and leaching properties of flowable fill incorporating waste foundry sand

Waste foundry sand (WFS) can be converted into flowable fill for geotechnical applications. In this study, WFS samples were obtained from 17 independent metal casting facilities with different casting processes, thus representing a good range of WFS properties. The laboratory studies include physical, geotechnical and leaching properties of flowable fills consisting of WFS, cement, and fly ash mixed to different water contents. The main properties measured include WFS physical properties (density, particle gradation, grain shape, and fine content), WFS flowable fill geotechnical properties (unconfined compressive strength, hydraulic conductivity, setting time, and bleeding), and the fill's leaching properties (heavy metals and organics in the bleed water and the leachate extracted from hardened WFS flowable fills). The test results indicate that in terms of the physical properties, most of the data fall within narrow ranges, although data from the copper/aluminum-based WFS samples might fall beyond the ranges. Geotechnical properties of WFS flowable fills in both fresh and hardened phases were verified conforming to the features of specified flowable fills. Material leaching analyses indicate that the toxicity of WFS flowable fills is below regulated criteria. A mix formulation range originated from this study is proposed for the design of WFS made flowable fill.     

Temporal and Spatial Variations of Phytoplankton Community Structure in Lake Erhai,a Chinese Plateau Lake,with Reference to Environmental Factors

Russian Journal of Ecology - Temporal and spatial variations of phytoplankton community in Lake Erhai were investigated from May 2010 to April 2011. A total of 124 species belonging to 8 phyla and...     

Does haze pollution affect public health in China from the perspective of environmental efficiency?

Environment, Development and Sustainability - This study attempts to introduce haze pollution into the environmental efficiency evaluation framework and measures PM2.5 environmental efficiency in...