西安市空气污染现状及气象因子的相关分析

利用西安市城区2010年12月—2011年11月空气中逐日PM10浓度监测值,对西安市PM10时空分布特征进行分析,揭示了西安市PM10的动态分布规律,冬季污染浓度最高,夏季污染浓度最低。与辐射量、相对湿度和能见度呈负相关,与气压和总云量呈正相关。并对PM2.5进行了简要的讨论。     

淮河/太湖流域水污染防治监管机制的公众调查研究

在淮河/太湖流域选择有代表性的44个市(县),开展了水污染防治监管机制的公众意见调查。结果表明:全民监管机制的缺乏是影响太湖/淮河防治计划全面落实的主要因素,加强水污染监管体制建设,形成"部门齐抓共管、环保统一监管、企业具体治理、新闻舆论监督、公众积极参与"的流域水环境监管机制,是有效防治淮河/太湖流域水环境污染、促进流域经济与社会协调发展的重要保障。     

黄浦江生物膜中汞的分布及形态分析

生物膜对于水环境中痕量重金属的迁移、最终归宿、生物可利用性和生物毒性的过程,起着非常重要的作用。该文采集了黄浦江中的生物膜样品,分析了其中不同生长时间、不同深度、不同季节的总汞含量;提取了生物膜中不同形态的汞,并和底泥中不同形态汞的分布做了对比。结果表明,随着生长天数的增加,生物膜中的汞含量也随之增加;表层生物膜中的汞含量大于水深1m处生物膜中的汞含量;生物膜中的汞含量夏季最高,冬季最低;生物膜中生物可利用态的汞,远大于底泥中生物可利用态汞,更容易进入食物链,从而造成更大的生态危害。     

几种光化学体系中羟自由基的产生和测定

在人工光源照射下,以水杨酸为探针性物质,探讨了过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、二氧化钛(TiO_2)、亚硝酸钠(NaNO_2)、硝酸钠(NaNO_3)和杂多酸盐(PW_(12)O_(40)~(3-))等5种光化学体系中羟自由基的产生,并测定了羟自由基的稳态浓度。     

New approach to studies of heavy metal redistribution in soil

The bioavailability and mobility of heavy metals in soils is dependent upon redistribution processes between solution and solid phases and among solid-phase components. This paper reviews the definitions and applications of two newly developed parameters, the redistribution index and the reduced partitioning parameter, in quantifying redistribution processes of heavy metals in contaminated soils. The redistribution index depicts the removal/attainment of metal-contaminated soils from/to the fractional distribution pattern characteristic of non-amended soils, while the reduced partitioning parameter quantifies the relative binding intensity of heavy metals in soils. Over time, metal salt-spiked and sludge-amended soils approached the fractional distribution pattern of non-amended soils. The rates of redistribution of metals and their binding intensity in soils were affected by the metal species, loading levels and soil properties. Metals in contaminated soils at low loading levels approach the fractional distribution pattern of non-amended soil more rapidly than those at high loading levels. The sequence order of approach by metals to the fractional distribution pattern of non-amended soil was: Cd>Cu>Ni=Zn>Cr. In both non-amended and contaminated soils, Cr had the highest binding intensity, Cd the lowest, and Cu, Ni and Zn, intermediate values. In addition to our own data, primarily on metal salt-spiked soils, these two indices are also used to evaluate redistribution processes of heavy metals in sewage sludge-amended soils from other published reports.     

基于活性炭的多孔介质水动力弥散系数测定

溶质在多孔介质运移过程中,水动力弥散系数不仅反映多孔介质的介质特性,同时也是描述溶质浓度随时空变化规律的重要参数。以颗粒状活性炭为研究对象,建立了水动力条件下的对流弥散方程进行溶质运移过程描述,并采用土柱扩散实验对其水动力弥散系数进行了测定。结果表明,借用反函数变化思路,可快速准确测定多孔介质的水动力弥散系数D;同时,变流速条件下D不为常量,且分子扩散的影响可忽略,其与渗流速度v之间满足D=9.328v1.796函数关系。由此建立的数学模型求解和D-v函数关系可为描述溶质在多孔介质中运移规律的研究提供一定的参考。     

突发性水污染事故预警体系建设综述

随着流域水污染事件的频发,突发性水污染事故预警平台的科学建设成为流域应急管理的重要内容。基于预警平台数据感知层、数据管理层、业务感知层的总体架构,综述了国内外突发性水污染事故预警平台的建设现状。从水质监测技术、突发事故预警模型、预警平台整体构建4个方面分析了近年来突发性水污染事故预警平台的研究进展与不足,以期为流域突发性水污染预警系统的建设提供参考。     

好氧高温堆肥处理对猪粪中重金属形态的影响

用 Tessier 连续提取法研究了好氧高温堆肥处理对猪粪中重金属结合形态变化的影响.结果表明,经过好氧堆肥处理,猪粪中 Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Cd、As 的总浓度升高;碳酸盐结合态 Ni、Zn 的浓度降低,其余 Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd 的浓度都升高;硫化物及有机结合态、残渣态重金属的浓度普遍升高,仅有硫化物及有机结合态 As 和 Zn 的浓度下降;可交换态 Cu、Zn、Cr、As 的浓度显著降低.堆肥处理可以降低可交换态和碳酸盐交换态 Pb、Ni、Cu、Cr、Zn、As 和铁锰氧化物结合态 Pb、Cu、Cr、As 的分配系数,因此可以降低猪粪中重金属的有效性.堆肥处理有利于降低猪粪土地利用中重金属污染的风险.     

固定化微生物法处理含酚废水的研究

选用从活性污泥中分离得到的降解酚活性较高的热带假丝酵母菌(Candida tropicalis),通过实验选出了一种较好的载体和合适的固定化条件,在自制的三相流化床反应器中,采用固定化徽生物法连续处理含酚配水,进水酚浓度为300ppm,出水酚浓度小于0.5ppm,与悬浮生物法(如活性污泥法)相比,酚的容积负荷可提高1倍以上,污泥发生量可减少90％。     

A screen-printed, amperometric biosensor for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water samples

An amperometric biosensor based on screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) was developed for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water samples. The extent of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) deactivation was determined and quantified for pesticide concentrations in water samples. An enzyme immobilization adsorption procedure and polyacrylamide gel matrix polymerization were used for fabrication of the biosensor, with minimal losses in enzyme activity. The optimal conditions for enzyme catalytic reaction on the SPEs surfaces were acetylthiocholine chloride (ATChCl) concentration of 5 mmol/L, pH 7 and reaction time of 4 min. The detection limits for three organophosphorus pesticides (dichlorvos, monocrotophs and parathion) were in the range of 4 to 7 g/L when an AChE amount of 0.1 U was used for immobilization.