中国农业面源污染物排放量计算及中长期预测

利用第一次全国污染源普查数据,计算了我国内地31个省市自治区农业面源污染排放量,在此基础上,预测了2010—2030年农业面源污染情况.结果表明,2007年,我国农业面源污染的污染物总排放量为1057×104t,其中,COD排放量为825.9×104t,总氮为187.2×104t,总磷为21.6×104t,氨氮为22.4×104t.如果不加大对面源污染的治理力度,2020年前我国农业面源污染有加剧的趋势.在高排放情景下,2030年农业面源污染中COD排放量可能上升到1466.5×104t,面源污染需引起高度重视.目前,东部沿海地区是我国农业面源污染的主要排放区,但未来我国农业面源污染排放的空间分布可能趋于均衡.     

热处理天然褐铁矿制备γ-Fe2O3及其NH3-SCR活性探究

以天然褐铁矿为前驱体,通过热处理制备γ-Fe_2O_3作为NH3-SCR催化剂.借助XRD、XRF、XPS、NH3-TPD、FR-IR等表征方法,考察反应温度、褐铁矿中的锰氧化物以及H_2O和SO_2对催化剂选择催化还原NO活性的影响并与α-Fe_2O_3作对比.结果表明,由于γ-Fe_2O_3表面比α-Fe_2O_3具有更强的酸性,使得γ-Fe_2O_3的脱硝温度窗口(200~350℃)宽于α-Fe_2O_3(200~300℃),且在活性温度窗口下,催化剂脱硝效率达到99%以上;γ-Fe_2O_3催化剂中少量MnO_2的存在,提高了催化剂低温段(100~200℃)脱硝活性,降低了高温段(400~450℃)脱硝活性;SO_2的存在会使γ-Fe_2O_3的脱硝温度窗口向高温区偏移100℃、体积分数为5%的H_2O对脱硝反应的抑制作用很小,但当SO_2和5%H_2O同时存在,尤其是SO_2的体积分数达到0.12%时,硫酸铵盐类的迅速生成会大大降低γ-Fe_2O_3的脱硝活性;此外,γ-Fe_2O_3经过NH3-SCR反应后,其磁化率略有降低,催化剂仍然具有磁回收循环利用的潜力.     

生物降解与吸附作用协同去除卤乙酸生成势

评价了生物强化活性炭(BAC)的生物降解与吸附作用协同对消毒副产物前体物质(DBPFP)的控制效果.控制 BAC 的空床接触时间(EBCT)为 20min 时,BAC 对卤乙酸生成势(HAAFP)的去除率达到 59%,而相同条件下,普通颗粒炭(GAC)对其去除率只有 27%.BAC 工艺中微生物数量和微生物活性均明显高于 GAC 工艺.通过微生物降解作用和活性炭吸附作用的协同,BAC 对 HAAFP 的去除率与 EBCT 具有明显的线性相关性(R²=0.9069).BAC 出水中指标 UV254与 HAAFP 也表现出一定的线性相关性(R²=0.7702).     

气象激光雷达的城市边界层探测

为了研究城市边界层结构变化特征,2005年7月利用气象激光雷达在南京城区做了城市边界层探测试验,就此次观测试验作了简要叙述并选取部分观测资料为示例,着重对气象激光雷达确定城市边界层高度垂直分布及逐时变化以及地面气象环境对边界层的日变化影响进行了初步分析.结果表明,主要由近地层对流混合形成的城市边界层高度具有典型的日变化特点,早晚比较低,日间有一个从低到高再到低的变化过程.提出了一种由边界层混合状态确定边界层高度的方法.分析结果表明,由气溶胶消光系数确定城市边界层高度比较准确.将MSL探测结果与同步的低空无线电探测仪的温度探测结果进行比较,结果表明,两者获得的实际廓线分布相当吻合,线性良好.就地表温度、辐射、湿度及云等气象要素对边界层垂直分布及时间变化的影响做了分析.结果表明,这些气象要素的分布对城市边界层高度的垂直分布及其逐时变化有明显影响.     

生物炭改良剂对小白菜生长及低质土壤氮磷利用的影响

生物炭技术是近年来新兴的具有多重农业和环境效益的土壤改良技术.本研究以宁夏低质淡灰钙土为研究对象,以"中白78"小白菜(Brassica chinensis)为供试作物,分别按0、1.5%、3%和5%(质量分数)的比例添加花生壳生物炭(Biochar,BC)和基于花生壳生物炭研发的生物炭改良剂(BC-based amendment,AD),系统研究了BC和AD对小白菜植株生长、产量及土壤养分利用有效性的影响.结果表明:BC和AD的添加均增加了小白菜的株高和产量,与BC相比,AD对小白菜的增产效果更为显著(BC和AD处理的产量分别为对照的2.34~3.77倍和4.37~4.60倍).各剂量BC处理中,小白菜地上部、根系生物量的顺序为1.5%BC3%BC≈5%BC;而对于AD处理,3种添加量处理的小白菜生物量无显著性差异.增产的主要原因包括两方面:第一是两种材料中主要养分对小白菜生长的直接贡献;第二则是两种材料均促进了小白菜根系的生长,增强了根际效应,从而改变了N、P等土壤养分的利用有效性.BC和AD的加入均增加了小白菜对N的利用有效性,AD促进了小白菜对P的利用有效性.可见,BC和AD均可作为土壤改良剂,改善宁夏低质淡灰钙土的养分状况,提高作物产量.     

Assessment and prediction of the effect of ageing on the adsorption of nonylphenol in black carbon-sediment systems

Black carbon (BC) is a promising sediment amendment, as proven by its considerable adsorption capacity for hydrophobic organic pollutants and accessibility, but its reliability when used for the removal of pollutants in natural sediments still needs to be evaluated. For example, the ageing process, resulting in changing of surface physicochemical properties of BC, will decrease the adsorption capacity and performance of BC when applied to sediment pollution control. In this study, how the ageing process and BC proportion affect the adsorption capacity of BC-sediment systems was modelled and quantitatively investigated to predict their adsorption capacity under different ageing times and BC additions. The results showed that the ageing process decreased the adsorption capacity of both BC-sediment systems, due to the blockage of the non-linear adsorption sites of BC. The adsorption capacity of rice straw black carbon (RC)-sediment systems was higher than that of fly ash black carbon (FC)-sediment systems, indicating that RC is more efficient than FC for nonylphenol (NP) pollution control in sediment. The newly established model for the prediction of adsorption capacity fits the experimental data appropriately and yields acceptable predictions, especially when based on parameters from the Freundlich model. However, to fully reflect the influence of the ageing process on BC-sediment systems and make more precise predictions, it is recommended that future work considering more factors and conditions, such as modelling of the correlation between the adsorption capacity and the pore volume or specific surface area of BC, be applied to build an accurate and sound model.     

Comparative mammalian cell cytotoxicity of wastewater with elevated bromide and iodide after chlorination, chloramination, or ozonation

Recycling wastewater is becoming more common as communities around the world try to better control their water resources against an increased frequency of either prolonged droughts or intense flooding. For communities in coastal areas, wastewaters may contain elevated levels of bromide(Br~-) and iodide(I~-) from seawater intrusion or high mineral content of source waters. Disinfection of such wastewater is mandatory to prevent the spread of pathogens, however little is known about the toxicity of wastewater after disinfection in the presence of Br~-and I~-. In this study we compared the induction of chronic cytotoxicity in mammalian cells in samples of municipal secondary wastewater effluent amended with elevated levels of Br~-/I~-after disinfection by chlorine, chloramines or ozone to identify which disinfection process generated wastewater with the lowest level of adverse biological response. Chlorination increased mammalian cell cytotoxicity by 5times as compared to non-disinfected controls. Chloramination produced disinfected wastewater that expressed 6.3 times more cytotoxicity than the non-disinfected controls and was 1.3 times more cytotoxic than the chlorinated samples. Ozonation produced wastewater with cytotoxicity comparable to the non-disinfected controls and was at least 4times less cytotoxic than the chlorine disinfected wastewaters. These results indicate that compared to chlorination and chloramination, ozonation of wastewater with high Br~-/Ilevels yielded the lowest mammalian cell cytotoxicity, suggesting its potential as a more favorable method to disinfect wastewater with minimizing the biological toxicity in mind.     

大别山超高压变质杂岩的折返

作为世界上规模最大的一个超高压变质带，大别山超高压变质杂岩是扬子板块 与中朝板块在三叠纪碰撞造山的产物，表现为扬子板块呈北北东向斜向俯冲到中朝板块之下。 超高压变质杂岩的折返机制是个复杂的动力学过程，折返速率也随时间推移而变慢。早期阶段 （三叠纪－早侏罗纪）同碰撞期浮力驱动下高压－超高压变质杂岩在俯冲带内沿道冲－韧性剪 切断裂快速挤侵（ｅｘｔｒｕｓｉｏ）到地壳层位，折返速率高达４ｍｍ／年；中期伴随着巨厚造山带山根的 拆沉，上部发生拉张塌陷，使超高压变质杂岩进一步减压，但折返速率缓慢，～(４０)Ａｒ／~(３９)Ａｒ年代学显 示１１７Ｍａ前它们仍处在地壳的较深部；晚期伴随着晚侏罗－早白垩纪花岗质岩浆的上升侵位， 超高压变质杂岩进一步抬升，同时低角度正断层发育，此阶段的折返机制类似于变质核杂岩模 型。整个折返过程中剥蚀一直在起作用。     

污泥龄对除磷亚硝化颗粒系统的影响

以低C/N比生活污水为研究对象,接种成熟除磷颗粒污泥,探究泥龄对中低温度下(14～21℃)除磷亚硝化颗粒污泥的影响.结果表明,常温下(20℃±1℃),泥龄为30 d,曝气量为5 L·(h·L)~(-1)可实现除磷颗粒污泥中AOB的富集,NAR达到90%以上.当温度降低到15℃,泥龄为40 d时除磷性能恶化,颗粒结构变松散并伴有丝状菌生成.相对充足的氧气使亚硝化失稳,NAR下降至22. 4%. NOB不具备迅速适应环境变化的能力,采取12 d厌氧饥饿加排泥的策略,削弱了NOB的相对活性,迅速恢复了除磷亚硝化性能.批次实验显示温度从20℃下降到15℃,聚磷菌仍能保持较高的氧利用率,但AOB的SOUR下降了18%,此时是温度而不是溶解氧浓度制约了氨氧化能力.控制泥龄为30 d,同时降低曝气量为4 L·(h·L)~(-1),实现了低温下(15℃±1℃)除磷亚硝化颗粒污泥系统的稳定运行.     

Microbial reduction of uranium (VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2: A macroscopic and spectroscopic study

The microbial reduction of U(VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2, isolated from soil in Southwest China, was explored using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). Our studies indicated that approximately 16.0% of U(VI) at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L uranium nitrate could be reduced by Bacillus sp. dwc-2 at pH 8.2 under anaerobic conditions at room temperature. Additionally, natural organic matter (NOM) played an important role in enhancing the bioreduction of U(VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2. XPS results demonstrated that the uranium presented mixed valence states (U(VI) and U(IV)) after bioreduction, which was subsequently confirmed by XANES. Furthermore, the TEM and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis suggested that the reduced uranium was bioaccumulated mainly within the cell and as a crystalline structure on the cell wall. These observations implied that the reduction of uranium may have a significant effect on its fate in the soil environment in which these bacterial strains occur.