中庭火灾烟气流动数值模拟

根据中庭火灾特点 提出了考虑辐射换热损失和壁面传热损失、不考虑燃烧过程、视火焰为体积热源,浮升力作用下火灾烟气湍流流动的场模型,并将辐射换热损失计人壁面传热损失,简化辐射换热模型计算,运用该场模型对中庭模型实验装置火灾烟气流动进行了数值模拟,采用通用软件PHOENICS进行数值计算,研究表明,数值模拟结果与中庭模型实验装置火灾试验结果吻合;以热源模拟火焰的方法对分析中庭火灾烟流发展规律可行。     

Evaluating the Efficiency of Coagulation in the Removal of Dissolved Organic Carbon from Reservoir Water using Fluorescence and Ultraviolet Photometry

The present study used ultraviolet absorption (UVa) and the florescence intensity (FI) to evaluate the coagulation efficiency for removing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the raw water from Min-Ter, Li-Yu-Ten and Yun-Ho-Shen reservoirs in Taiwan. The results indicated that the ratio of DOC removal rate and FI removal rate was maintained at about 1 at various coagulant dosages. However, the ratio of DOC removal rate and UVa removal rate decreased as the coagulant dosage increased. In addition, after coagulation, the use of florescence intensity instead of total organic carbon (TOC) is better than UVa for measuring the DOC removal rate of the raw waters gathered in different months from the three reservoirs. Furthermore, a good linear relationship between florescence intensity and DOC removal rate was observed, and the DOC/FI ratio of raw water from each reservoir can be used to predict the DOC residual concentration after enhanced coagulation. This result shows that fluorescence analysis can be used for on-line and continuous monitoring the effectiveness of organic matter removal in water treatment.     

六价铬诱导的肝细胞线粒体依赖性凋亡中VDAC1的作用

铬(chromium)是一种在工业生产过程中广泛使用的重金属,进入人体后可导致急慢性中毒,具有神经毒性、基因毒性、致癌性和免疫毒性。了解六价铬(hexavalent chromium,Cr(Ⅵ))的细胞毒性,进一步探究Cr(Ⅵ)的毒作用机制,可为防治Cr(Ⅵ)对人群健康的损害提供实验依据。电压依赖性阴离子通道蛋白1(voltage-dependent anion channel-1,VDAC1)参与调控线粒体外膜通透性,影响细胞凋亡;同时VDAC1也是BCL-2家族的重要结合位点,它可与BAX/BAK相互作用形成孔道,使线粒体内的凋亡相关蛋白,如细胞色素C等,进入胞浆,引起细胞凋亡。但VDAC1影响细胞凋亡的确切路径与分子机制,目前尚未完全研究清楚。使用L02人正常肝细胞作为实验对象,通过慢病毒包装法建立VDAC1低表达细胞系,检测在相同浓度Cr(Ⅵ)处理的条件下,与非染毒组相比,不同受试细胞的生存率、凋亡情况、活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)生成量、线粒体功能和凋亡诱导因子(AIF)的变化情况是否存在差异。结果表明,与VDAC1正常表达的细胞相比,VDAC1低表达组在Cr(Ⅵ)染毒的情况下,细胞生存率升高,凋亡率下降,细胞内ROS生成量减少,MPTP活性增加不明显,胞浆内细胞色素C(Cytochrome C,Cyt C)和AIF含量降低。上述研究结果表明VDAC1参与了由六价铬诱导的线粒体依赖性肝细胞凋亡,并且抑制VDAC1的表达可减轻因Cr(Ⅵ)暴露而引起的L02肝细胞损伤。     

生物强化一级处理试验研究

通过对西安污水处理厂生物强化一级处理出水试验研究,得出生物强化一级处理对污水中主要污染指标的处理效果,在生物一级强化处理设计中,在回流污泥量为20%的情况下,为安全计,初沉池的沉淀时间可设计为40 min,即可达到沉降要求.因而将污水厂A2/O剩余活性污泥与进水混合进入初沉池沉淀,可以增强沉淀效果,编短沉降时间,减少初沉池容积,减少基建投资费用.     

三峡库区填埋场和焚烧厂渗滤液水质季节性差异

分析了重庆长生桥垃圾填埋场和同兴焚烧厂渗滤液在常规水质和溶解性有机质组成结构方面的季节性差异. 结果表明,填埋场渗滤液在夏季的ρ(COD_Cr), ρ(TOC), ρ(BOD₅),ρ(BOD₅)/ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(VFA)均高于其他季节,相应指标在冬季最低,但ρ(NH₃-N)和 pH的季节性差异不明显. 填埋场渗滤液中DOM组成结构的季节性差异较大,表现在冬季渗滤液中HA所占比例最高,为16.1%,而春、夏季分别为6.6%和8.1%;冬季渗滤液中HyI所占比例最低,为32.7%,其他季节为41.9%～43.5%;ρ(FA)的季节性差异相对较小. 填埋场中ρ(FA)/ρ(HA)的季节性差异较大,夏季较高,冬季较小. 焚烧厂渗滤液的常规水质,DOM的构成及ρ(FA)/ρ(HA)的季节性差异均很小.      

沿海城市自然灾害脆弱性评价研究——以天津滨海新区为例

从脆弱性和风险内涵比较出发,基于灾害学理论及脆弱性概念模型,从区域自然地理环境和社会经济状况构建自然灾害脆弱性评价指标体系。选择天津市滨海新区各区县为研究对象,收集指标数据,应用层次分析法（AHP）确定指标权重。采用两种评价方法进行脆弱性评价：一是应用脆弱性模型评价天津滨海新区自然灾害综合脆弱性;二是选取地面沉降灾害脆弱性指标,应用模糊综合评判评价地面沉降灾害脆弱性。评价结果表明：葛沽镇和塘沽区自然灾害综合脆弱度相对较大,大港区最小;就地面沉降灾害脆弱性而言,塘沽区最大,大港和东丽区的部分相对较小。两种评价结果具有一致性。     

赛里木湖和喀纳斯湖水体中CODMn与TOC相关性分析

分析2012年赛里木湖和喀纳斯湖湖区和主要出入湖河流水质,测定总有机碳(TOC)和高锰酸盐指数(CODMn),研究他们之间的相关性,建立TOC和CODMn的线性回归方程,统计计算值与实测值的相对误差.研究结果表明,CODMn和TOC呈现良好相关性,相关系数为0.854((p＜0.01,n=42);赛里木湖和喀纳斯湖通过TOC计算CODMn的回归方程分别为CODMn=1.302TOC+0.36(R =0.966,α＜0.01)和CODMn=0.594TOC+0.661(R=0.823,α＜0.01);计算值与实测值相对误差范围是3.2％～16.7％.     

环境综合实践教学系统建设与应用

在分析和总结传统教学方法和当代教学方法在环境类专业教学中存在的不足与弊端的基础上,探讨了环境综合实践教学系统的特点、建设和应用。环境综合实践教学系统以就业为导向,建设了符合课程学习要求,能够真正运行的污水处理工艺系统、大气污染控制系统等实践教学情境。该实践教学系统在实际教学中效果良好,能够满足环境类专业教学要求,有很好的应用前景。     

An investigation of a heat pump system using CO2/propane mixture as a working fluid

In order to decrease the heat rejection pressure of heat pump using pure working fluid, CO₂ or R744, other natural component including hydrocarbons (R290, R600a, R600, R1270, R170, R601) and dimethyl ether (RE170) is added to CO₂, respectively, and then six binary mixtures are achieved. By environmental and thermodynamic comparisons, R290 is selected to be the most appropriate component candidate to mix with CO₂, and meanwhile to weaken the flammability and explosivity for pure R290. Then, the system performances of heat pump using mixture of CO₂ and R290 were experimentally studied when R290 is added to CO₂ with a small fraction, and compared with that of the pure CO₂. The experimental test rig is designed and set up for the transcritical heat pump system. When the refrigerant charge is variable, the heating coefficient performance, optimum heat rejection pressure, compressor power, mass flow rate of refrigerant, and total heat coefficient of gas cooler were researched. The variation ratios of heating coefficient performance and heating capacity with deviation from the optimum refrigerant charge were also investigated. The optimum refrigerant charge of CO₂/R290 is obtained and the research results show that the addition of R290 to CO₂ can efficiently reduce the heat rejection pressure and improve the system performance. The results in the present work could provide useful guidelines for the design and operation of heat pump system using CO₂-based mixture.     

鼠李糖脂与β-环糊精复合提取预测污染土壤中PAHs的生物有效性

以添加3种典型多环芳烃(PAHs)菲(Phe)、芘(Pyr)、苯并[a]芘(Ba P)的模拟污染土壤(海南红壤)为对象,研究了鼠李糖脂(RL)与β-环糊精(HPCD)复合提取预测污染土壤中PAHs的生物有效性的可行性.结果表明,当RL浓度大于临界胶束浓度时,由于其胶束增溶作用,PAHs的表观溶解度随RL浓度增加而增加,促使更多的PAHs从土壤固相解吸进入土壤溶液中.通过HPCD/RL复合提取土壤中的PAHs的含量与蚯蚓体内吸收的PAHs的量进行相关性分析,发现两者之间存在显著的正相关关系.但是PAHs蚯蚓吸收量是HPCD单独提取量的2.04倍,是HPCD/RL提取量的1.15倍.结果表明,HPCD/RL比HPCD对PAHs提取更能接近蚯蚓富集.因此,RL的添加在一定程度上增加了HPCD对污染土壤中PAHs生物有效性的预测效果,HPCD/RL复合提取法可以作为一种相对快捷可靠的预测PAHs生物有效性的方法.本研究为复合提取在有机污染物生物有效性评价方面提供一个新的方向,也为有机污染物的风险评估和生物修复提供了一定的技术支持.