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271.
272.
Stephen E. Lewis Jon E. Brodie Zoë T. Bainbridge Ken W. Rohde Aaron M. Davis Bronwyn L. Masters Mirjam Maughan Michelle J. Devlin Jochen F. Mueller Britta Schaffelke 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(8-9):2470-2484
The runoff of pesticides (insecticides, herbicides and fungicides) from agricultural lands is a key concern for the health of the iconic Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Relatively low levels of herbicide residues can reduce the productivity of marine plants and corals. However, the risk of these residues to Great Barrier Reef ecosystems has been poorly quantified due to a lack of large-scale datasets. Here we present results of a study tracing pesticide residues from rivers and creeks in three catchment regions to the adjacent marine environment. Several pesticides (mainly herbicides) were detected in both freshwater and coastal marine waters and were attributed to specific land uses in the catchment. Elevated herbicide concentrations were particularly associated with sugar cane cultivation in the adjacent catchment. We demonstrate that herbicides reach the Great Barrier Reef lagoon and may disturb sensitive marine ecosystems already affected by other pressures such as climate change. 相似文献
273.
Michael P. Harris Doug Beare Reidar Toresen Leif Nøttestad Matthias Kloppmann Hendrik Dörner Kevin Peach Derek R. A. Rushton Judy Foster-Smith Sarah Wanless 《Marine Biology》2007,151(3):973-983
Since the early 2000s routine fish surveys have recorded increasing numbers of snake pipefish, Entelurus aequoreus, in the northeast Atlantic. Fishermen and divers have also commented on this increase and pipefish have started to appear
in the diet of seabirds and other marine predators. This paper collates information from these diverse sources and assesses
the current status of snake pipefish. We found compelling evidence of a dramatic increase in the abundance of snake pipefish
starting around 2003 and continuing up to the present (2006) and a range expansion northwards to Spitzbergen and the Barents
Sea. Since 2004 snake pipefish have been increasingly recorded in the diet of many species of seabird breeding in colonies
around the coast of the UK, and in Norway, Iceland and the Faeroe Islands. Information on the nutrient value of snake pipefish
is currently lacking but their rigid, bony structure makes them difficult for young seabirds to swallow and there are numerous
records of chicks choking to death. Thus, in the case of avian predators during the breeding season, it appears unlikely that
increased abundance of snake pipefish will provide a useful alternative prey. The reason for the rapid and dramatic increase
in numbers of snake pipefish is currently unclear but such events are characteristic of marine ecosystems and will almost
certainly have an effect on food web dynamics. 相似文献
274.
Doug Beare Franz Hölker Georg H. Engelhard Eddie McKenzie David G. Reid 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2010,97(9):797-808
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are attaining increasing importance in the management of marine ecosystems. They are effective
for conservation in tropical and subtropical areas (mainly coral and rocky reefs), but it is debated whether they are useful
in the management of migratory fish stocks in open temperate regions. World War II created a large marine area within which
commercial fishing was prevented for 6 years. Here we analyse scientific trawl data for three important North Sea gadoids,
collected between 1928 and 1958. Using statistical models to summarise the data, we demonstrate the potential of MPAs for
expediting the recovery of over-exploited fisheries in open temperate regions. Our age-structured data and population models
suggest that wild fish stocks will respond rapidly and positively to reductions in harvesting rates and that the numbers of
older fish in a population will react before, and in much greater proportion, than their younger counterparts in a kind of
Mexican wave. Our analyses demonstrate both the overall increase in survival due to the lack of harvesting in the War and
the form of the age-dependent wave in numbers. We conclude that large closed areas can be very useful in the conservation
of migratory species from temperate areas and that older fish benefit fastest and in greater proportion. Importantly, any
rise in spawning stock biomass may also not immediately result in better recruitment, which can respond more slowly and hence
take longer to contribute to higher future harvestable biomass levels. 相似文献
275.
276.
277.
Boston Chinatown is a community that grapples with a constant pressure from the downtown area to build new and larger buildings. The effort to preserve the residential aspect of Chinatown has used data analysis in recent years by forming partnerships with academics. This has allowed for more sophisticated studies of traffic injuries, scientific surveys of residents about environmental health, the measurement of noise levels and the construction of physical and electronic mapping of data. While not the only factor contributing to the community's efforts to question the role of development, these data have added useful tools that reduce, but do not eliminate, the disparity between what the community brings to discussions about the environmental impact of development and what the developers have at their disposal. 相似文献
278.
Eleanor Harding Jennifer Hammond Lyn S. Chitty Melissa Hill Celine Lewis 《黑龙江环境通报》2020,40(8):1028-1039
Background
Tests in pregnancy such as chromosomal microarray analysis and exome sequencing are increasing diagnostic yield for fetal structural anomalies, but have greater potential to result in uncertain findings. This systematic review investigated the experiences of prospective parents about receiving uncertain results from these tests.Methods
A systematic search of three electronic databases was conducted. Data extraction was performed for studies that met the eligibility and quality criteria. Results were synthesised following the principles of thematic analysis.Results
Fourteen studies (10 qualitative, 4 quantitative) were included. Findings were grouped into three overarching themes. Sources of uncertainty included the testing procedure, the diagnosis and prognosis, and health professionals' own uncertainty. The clinical impact of the uncertainty included parents struggling to make clinical decisions with the information available, the emotional impact included decisional-regret, shock, worry and feeling overwhelmed. To manage the uncertainty, parents sought support from healthcare professionals, friends, family, the internet and other parents as well as remaining hopeful.Conclusions
Prospective parents experience a myriad of uncertainties in the prenatal setting, which must be handled sensitively. Future research should explore optimal ways of managing uncertainty to minimise harm. Recommendations are made for discussing uncertainty during pre- and post-test counseling. 相似文献279.
The field of prenatal screening and diagnosis for fetal anomalies has been marked by a rapid succession of technological advances, including most notably, chromosomal microarray analysis, and next generation sequencing. Despite the diagnostic advantages of these technologies, their incorporation into prenatal testing has created additional challenges of revealing genomic variants of unknown or uncertain significance, and secondary findings. While detailed posttest counseling about uncertain variants is best performed by medical geneticists, many of the screening and diagnostic tests that lead to this information are actually ordered by general maternity health care professionals (HCPs), such as obstetricians, midwives, and family physicians. Maternity HCPs support pregnant women through to the conclusion of their pregnancy and the postpartum period, and thus are close observers of the psychosocial impart of fetal genomic uncertainty on women and their families. While there have been many studies exploring the handling of genomic uncertainty by genetics HCPs, there has been relatively less attention paid to maternity HCPs without speciality training in genetics. This review explores the current literature surrounding nongenetic maternity HCPs' views and experiences of genomic uncertainty and returning uncertain results in the prenatal setting. 相似文献
280.
Bennie W. Good G. Vilcins W.R. Harvey D.A. Clabo Jr. A.L. Lewis 《Environment international》1982,8(1-6)
Two studies evaluating the levels and sources of nitrogen dioxide in approximately 90 employee homes in the Richmond area with continuous sampling during the weeks of August 5, 1980, and February 9, 1981, were performed using samplers in the living room, bedroom, kitchen, and outdoors. Additional data were collected concerning appliance usage, heating/cooling plant, ventilation and cigarette smoking. Results were analyzed using BMDP routines. The largest contributor to NO2 concentration was found to be gas-fired kitchen appliances. The mean kitchen level for homes with gas appliances during the winter study was 188 μg/m3. Excluding participants with gas kitchens, incremental influence due to cigarette smoking was detected. The 7-day, 3-room average level of NO2 in the homes of nonsmokers and smokers without gas-fired appliances was 12 and 15 μg/m3, respectively, in the summer. The corresponding winter values were 19 and 22 μg/m3. Furthermore, the individual levels of NO2 in the homes of smokers were generally below both the adjacent outdoor level and the National Ambient Air Quality Standard limit for annual exposure. 相似文献