北京市建筑施工扬尘排放特征

颗粒物是北京市首要空气污染物,其排放控制是大气污染防治的重要内容,施工扬尘是北京市大气颗粒物的重要来源.由于人口增长及经济的发展,住宅及办公场地的需求不断增加,使得北京市房屋建筑施工面积居高不下,建筑施工扬尘污染受到越来越多的关注,但有关量化施工扬尘排放量及其对北京市空气污染贡献的研究相对较少.本文建立一套建筑施工扬尘排放量的估算方法,采用本地化排放因子估算了北京市2000~2015年建筑施工扬尘排放量,识别施工扬尘的排放特征和规律,并定量了排放量的不确定性范围.采用WRF/CMAQ模式系统模拟量化建筑施工扬尘对空气质量的影响,提出施工扬尘污染控制对策和建议,为环境决策提供参考.结果表明,多年来北京市建筑施工扬尘排放量呈波浪式上升,近年来施工面积有所回落,但仍处于高位,颗粒物排放量仍然较大,需要引起足够的重视;在时间分布上,夏季和秋季的施工扬尘排放量较大,在空间分布上,施工扬尘主要集中在城市功能拓展区和近郊区,与人类活动的外延和城镇化的逐步向外发展有关.建筑施工扬尘对全市环境空气中PM_(10)和PM2.5浓度贡献可达31.3μg·m~(-3)和9.6μg·m~(-3).通过污染控制情景设置和分析,本研究认为要使2030年施工扬尘排放得到较好地削减,应执行更加严格的绿色施工管理规程和加强施工环境监管.     

长江口及邻近海域营养盐的季节变化特征

2014年2月和7月,采集了长江口及其邻近东海陆架海域106和104个站点的样品,测定了其中的营养盐（NO₃-N、SiO₃-Si、PO₄-P、NH₄-N、NO₂-N）浓度,发现长江口海域营养盐的时空分布具有明显的季节变化特征。在夏季,长江径流量加大,海水层化,含有高NO₃-N、SiO₃-Si、PO₄-P浓度海水的扩散范围明显大于冬季;而在外海,夏季上述营养盐的表层浓度却低于冬季。由于在长江淡水端元NH₄-N和NO₂-N浓度的季节变化较大,这两种营养盐与盐度在长江口的相关关系呈现出"季节性反转",在夏季其浓度与盐度呈现出正相关关系,而冬季则相反,呈现出负相关关系。长江冲淡水是以"斑块化"的形式向外海传递的,通过在不同斑块中采集样品并比较其中营养盐的浓度,验证了夏季长江口海域对大部分营养盐是一个显著的"汇"。此外,营养盐的不保守行为既发生在盐淡水混合海域,也发生在长江口门以内的淡水端元海域。     

秋季东海二甲基有机硫化物的浓度分布与影响因素

于2012年10月对中国东海表层海水中二甲基硫（DMS）及其前体物质二甲巯基丙酸内盐（DMSP）、溶解自由态蛋氨酸（DF Met）的浓度分布及影响因素进行了研究。分析结果表明,秋季东海表层海水中硅酸盐（SiO₃-Si）、溶解无机氮（DIN）、磷酸盐（PO₄-P）浓度变化范围分别为0.11~1.76、0.08~0.56和0.013~0.054 mg/L,平均值为0.50±0.36、0.19±0.11和0.024±0.0098 mg/L,且东海西南部上升流区出现营养盐浓度的高值区。表层海水中DMS、DMSP和DF Met的浓度分别在0.47~6.46、9.44~55.57和3.48~14.42 nmol/L之间,平均值分别为3.10±1.93、28.05±14.17和6.19±2.30 nmol/L。DMS、DMSP的水平分布与叶绿素a（Chl a）分布基本一致,呈现出近岸向远海降低的趋势。所调查海域的DMS/Chl a和DMSP/Chl a比值变化范围分别为2.59~27.66和27.37~103.34 mmol/g,平均值分别为11.46±5.02和65.08±23.41 mmol/g,与该海域硅藻为浮游植物优势种的调查结果相一致。此外,秋季东海表层海水DMS的海-气通量介于0.89~105.50 μmol/（m2·d）之间,平均值为35.65 ±31.53 μmol/（m2·d）。     

Policy, personal dispositions and the evaluation of aircraft noise

In this paper, we hypothesize and test the ideas that (1) people’s subjectivity in relation to aircraft noise is shaped by the policy discourse, (2) this results in a limited number of frames towards aircraft noise, (3) the frames inform people how to think and feel about aircraft noise and (4) the distribution of the frames in the population is dependent on structural variables related to the individual. To reveal subjects’ frames of aircraft noise a latent class model is estimated based on survey data gathered among a sample of 250 residents living near Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, a major international airport in the Netherlands. In line with expectations, the results show that there are four evaluative frames of aircraft noise, three of which are strongly linked to the policy discourse. The frames are associated with fitting levels of annoyance response. In turn, frame membership is influenced by two structural variables, namely aircraft noise exposure and noise sensitivity. The results indicate that social factors operate discursively in the explanation of subjective reaction to noise, while psychological factors operate within a traditional cause-and-effect model. The paper concludes with several policy implications.     

Screening of factors influencing Cu(II) extraction by soybean oil-based organic solvents using fractional factorial design

This study aimed to identify the significant factors that give large effects on the efficiency of Cu(II) extraction from aqueous solutions by soybean oil-based organic solvents using fractional factorial design. Six factors (mixing time (t), di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid concentration ([D2EHPA]), organic to aqueous phase ratio (O:A), sodium sulfate concentration ([Na(2)SO(4)]), equilibrium pH (pH(eq)) and tributylphosphate concentration ([TBP])) affecting the percentage extraction (%E) of Cu(II) were investigated. A 2(6-1) fractional factorial design was applied and the results were analyzed statistically. The results show that only [D2EHPA], pH(eq) and their second-order interaction ([D2EHPA] × pH(eq)) influenced the %E significantly. Regression models for %E were developed and the adequacy of the reduced model was examined. The results of this study indicate that fractional factorial design is a useful tool for screening a large number of variables and reducing the number of experiments.     

Dry land tree management for improved household livelihoods: farmer managed natural regeneration in Niger

Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR), a set of practices farmers use to foster the growth of indigenous trees on agricultural land, has drawn substantial attention as a contributing factor to a trend of increasing vegetation greenness in the Republic of Niger. This paper identifies drivers of FMNR adoption and assesses its impacts on rural households in the Region of Maradi, Niger, an area covering 42,000 square kilometers. The results show that 26% of households practice a form of FMNR involving both pruning and protecting woody vegetation. Adoption is strongly linked to soil type, market access, and the education level of the head of household. FMNR raises household income and increases crop diversity, household migration rates, and the density and diversity of trees on farmland. It is estimated that FMNR raises the annual gross income of the region by between 17 and 21 million USD and has contributed an additional 900,000 to 1,000,000 trees to the local environment. These findings support the value of continued promotion of FMNR as an inexpensive means of enhancing rural livelihoods and an attractive alternative to reforestation efforts relying on tree planting.     

Outreach Programs,Peer Pressure,and Common Sense: What Motivates Homeowners to Mitigate Wildfire Risk?

In recent years, altered forest conditions, climate change, and the increasing numbers of homes built in fire prone areas has meant that wildfires are affecting more people. An important part of minimizing the potential negative impacts of wildfire is engaging homeowners in mitigating the fire hazard on their land. It is therefore important to understand what makes homeowners more or less willing to take action. The research presented here comes from a study that interviewed a total of 198 homeowners in six communities in the western United States about the activities they had undertaken to mitigate their fire risk, the factors that contributed to their decisions, and their future intentions. The current paper reports on findings from the first half of the longitudinal study, after 3 years we will return to interview the current homeowner on the same properties to assess maintenance actions and facilitating and limiting factors. Overall we found a body of individuals who understand the fire risk, are taking numerous mitigation actions, and think that these actions have reduced their risk. These homeowners typically did not expect the government to do it for them: they wanted information about what to do and, in some cases, assistance with the work, but saw taking care of their property primarily as their responsibility. Responses also show that key information sources and motivating factors vary by location and that it is not inherently necessary to have relationships between community members to create defensible space.     

A GIS Approach to Prioritizing Habitat for Restoration Using Neotropical Migrant Songbird Criteria

Restoration efforts to increase wildlife habitat quality in agricultural landscapes have limited funding and are typically done on a first come, first serve basis. In order to increase the efficiency of these restoration efforts, a prioritized ranking system is needed to obtain the greatest increase in habitat quality possible for the fewest amount of hectares restored. This project examines the use of a GIS based multi-criteria approach to prioritize lands for reforestation along the Kaskaskia River in Illinois. Loss of forested area and corresponding increase in forest fragmentation has decreased songbird habitat quality across the Midwestern United States. We prioritized areas for reforestation based on nine landscape metrics: available agricultural land, forest cover gaps, edge density, proximity to river, 200 m corridor area, total forest core area, fringe core area, distance to primary core value, and primary core area. The multi-criteria analysis revealed that high priority areas for reforestation were most likely to be close to the riparian corridor and existing large blocks of forest. Analysis of simulated reforestation (0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 10.0, 25.0, and 50.0% of highest priority parcels reforested) revealed different responses for multiple landscape metrics used to quantify forest fragmentation following reforestation, but indicated that the study area would get the greatest rate of return on reforestation efforts by reforesting 10.0% of the highest priority areas. This project demonstrates how GIS and a multi-criteria analysis approach can be used to increase the efficiency of restoration projects. This approach should be considered by land managers when attempting to identify the location and quantity of area for restoration within a landscape.     

Are age-based licensing restrictions a meaningful way to enhance rural older driver safety? The need for exposure considerations in policy development

The stated and revealed travel behavior of a sample of 60 rural drivers aged 54-92 years provided a basis to explore the potential effectiveness of two common driver's license restrictions aimed at older drivers: time of day and road class. The potential utility and impact of these restrictions have not been explored with revealed data for jurisdictions with a large population of rural older drivers where automobile dependence is high. Data were drawn from a multiday Global Positioning System-based travel diary survey of rural older drivers in New Brunswick, Canada. Revealed travel data showed that over 50 percent of the rural drivers in the sample did not drive after dark, and 40 percent drove less than 1 percent of their total surveyed kilometers on major highways, higher rates than from participant-stated responses. The proportion of participants taking night trips and traveling on major highways decreased with age. The majority of trips taken after dark by all participants had a rural destination. The average daily kilometers driven on major highways by men and women aged 75 years and older was nearly identical (1.79 km/day). These exposure considerations suggest that restricting night travel and major highway travel for the oldest rural drivers (75 years and older) may have limited utility given that the majority of participants did not drive in these situations, and for those who did, most of their trips were in rural areas where enforcement could be expected to be limited. A better approach may be to encourage increased self-regulation through training, age-friendly upgrades to transportation infrastructure to help rural older drivers stay driving safely as long as possible, and the development of appropriate rural alternatives to help a driver transition to nondriver.     

Plants as bio-monitors for Cs-137, Pu-238, Pu-239,240 and K-40 at the Savannah River Site

The Savannah River Site was constructed in South Carolina to produce plutonium (Pu) in the 1950s. Discharges associated with these now-ceased operations have contaminated large areas within the site, particularly streams associated with reactor cooling basins. Evaluating the exposure risk of contamination to an ecosystem requires methodologies that can assess the bioavailability of contaminants. Plants, as primary producers, represent an important mode of transfer of contaminants from soils and sediments into the food chain. The objective of this study was to identify local area plants for their ability to act as bio-monitors of radionuclides. The concentrations of cesium-137 ((137)Cs), potassium-40 ((40)K), (238)Pu and (239,240)Pu in plants and their associated soils were determined using γ and α spectrometry. The ratio of contamination concentration found in the plant relative to the soil was calculated to assess a concentration ratio (CR). The highest CR for (137)Cs was found in Pinus palustris needles (CR of 2.18). The correlation of soil and plant (137)Cs concentration was strong (0.76) and the R(2) (0.58) from the regression was significant (p = 0.006). This suggests the ability to predict the degree of (137)Cs contamination of a soil through analysis of the pine needles. The (238)Pu and (239,240)Pu concentrations were most elevated within the plant roots. Extremely high CR values were found in Sparganium americanum (bur-reed) roots with a value of 5.86 for (238)Pu and 5.66 for (239,240)Pu. The concentration of (40)K was measured as a known congener of (137)C. Comparing (40)K and (137)C concentrations in each plant revealed an inverse relationship for these radioisotopes. Correlating (40)K and (137)Cs was most effective in identifying plants that have a high affinity for (137)Cs uptake. The P. palustris and S. americanum proved to be particularly strong accumulators of all K congeners from the soil. Some species that were measured, warrant further investigation, are the carnivorous plant Utricularia inflata (bladderwort) and the emergent macrophyte Juncus effusus. For U. inflata, the levels of (137)Cs, (238)Pu, and (239,240)Pu (which were 3922, 8399, and 803 Bq kg(-1), respectively) in the leaves were extremely high. The highest (137)Cs concentration from the study was measured in the J. effusus root (5721 Bq kg(-1)).