Treatment of organic pollutants by homogeneous and heterogeneous Fenton reaction processes

Nowadays, the water ecosystem is being polluted due to the rapid industrialization and massive use of antibiotics, fertilizers, cosmetics, paints, and other chemicals. Chemical oxidation is one of the most applied processes to degrade contaminants in water. However, chemicals are often unable to completely mineralize the pollutants. Enhanced pollutant degradation can be achieved by Fenton reaction and related processes. As a consequence, Fenton reactions have received great attention in the treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater effluents. Currently, homogeneous and heterogeneous Fenton processes are being investigated intensively and optimized for applications, either alone or in a combination of other processes. This review presents fundamental chemistry involved in various kinds of homogeneous Fenton reactions, which include classical Fenton, electro-Fenton, photo-Fenton, electro-Fenton, sono-electro-Fenton, and solar photoelectron-Fenton. In the homogeneous Fenton reaction process, the molar ratio of iron(II) and hydrogen peroxide, and the pH usually determine the effectiveness of removing target pollutants and subsequently their mineralization, monitored by a decrease in levels of total organic carbon or chemical oxygen demand. We present catalysts used in heterogeneous Fenton or Fenton-like reactions, such as H₂O₂–Fe³⁺(solid)/nano-zero-valent iron/immobilized iron and electro-Fenton-pyrite. Surface properties of heterogeneous catalysts generally control the efficiency to degrade pollutants. Examples of Fenton reactions are demonstrated to degrade and mineralize a wide range of water pollutants in real industrial wastewaters, such as dyes and phenols. Removal of various antibiotics by homogeneous and heterogeneous Fenton reactions is exemplified.     

BS-18两性修饰膨润土对四环素和诺氟沙星复合污染的吸附

环境中抗生素污染已经成为当前研究的热点问题.为了探讨长碳链两性修饰膨润土对不同类型抗生素复合吸附的效应及机制,采用两性表面活性剂十八烷基二甲基甜菜碱（BS-18）修饰膨润土,研究了不同修饰比例、温度、pH值及离子强度条件下,BS-18两性修饰膨润土对四环素和诺氟沙星在单一及复合条件下的吸附,并结合两性修饰膨润土的表面特征来探讨其吸附机制.结果表明,与CK相比,经BS-18修饰后的土样CEC和比表面积下降,总碳和总氮含量上升.BS-18两性修饰膨润土对四环素的吸附量顺序为CK > 100BS > 25BS > 50BS,吸附符合Langmuir模型;而对诺氟沙星的吸附量顺序为25BS > 50BS > CK > 100BS,吸附符合Henry模型.四环素和诺氟沙星复合体系中,供试土样对四环素和诺氟沙星的吸附量均高于单一体系.随着温度的升高,两性修饰膨润土对四环素的吸附呈增温正效应,而对诺氟沙星随温度的升高吸附量总体上呈现下降的规律;当离子强度由0.001 mol·L^-1增加到0.5 mol·L^-1时,会抑制各供试土样对四环素和诺氟沙星的吸附;溶液pH会影响抗生素的存在形态,进而影响供试土样对其的吸附.BS-18修饰膨润土吸附四环素主要以电荷引力为主,而对诺氟沙星吸附则以电荷引力和疏水结合共同作用为主,两者辛醇/水分配系数对数值（lgKow）的不同以及结构的差异造成了吸附模式的不同;四环素+诺氟沙星复合体系中,形成了TC+NOR混合物促进了土样的吸附.     

Metacommunity dynamics over 16 years in a pyrogenic shrubland

Metacommunity theory allows predictions about the dynamics of potentially interacting species' assemblages that are linked by dispersal, but strong empirical tests of the theory are rare. We analyzed the metacommunity dynamics of Florida rosemary scrub, a patchily distributed pyrogenic community, to test predictions about turnover rates, community nestedness, and responses to patch size, arrangement, and quality. We collected occurrence data for 45 plant species from 88 rosemary scrub patches in 1989 and 2005 and used growth form, mechanism of regeneration after fire, and degree of habitat specialization to categorize species by life history. We tested whether patch size, fire history, and structural connectivity (a measure of proximity and size of surrounding patches) could be used to predict apparent extinctions and colonizations. In addition, we tested the accuracy of incidence-function models built with the patch survey data from 1989. After fire local extinction rates were higher for herbs than woody plants, higher for species that regenerated only from seed than species able to resprout, and higher for generalist than specialist species. Fewer rosemary specialists and a higher proportion of habitat generalists were extirpated on recently burned patches than on patches not burned between 1989 and 2005. Nestedness was highest for specialists among all life-history groups. Estimated model parameters from 1989 predicted the observed (1989-2005) extinction rates and the number of patches with persistent populations of individual species. These results indicate that species with different life-history strategies within the same metacommunity can have substantially different responses to patch configuration and quality. Real metacommunities may not conform to certain assumptions of simple models, but incidence-function models that consider only patch size, configuration, and quality can have significant predictive accuracy.     

复合式渗流试验装置对微污染河道水的脱氮除磷研究

针对微污染河道水体的水质特点,考察了复合式渗流试验装置对此类河道水的处理效能。试验结果表明:在10 cm/d和20 cm/d水力负荷条件下,两个阶段TN的平均去除率分别为36.34%、28.53%;TN平均出水浓度分别为6.15,12.45 mg/L;TP的平均去除率分别为90.86%、64.15%;TP平均出水浓度分别为0.05,0.42 mg/L。氮的去除主要发生在前两个格室,前两个格室填充的腐木作为补充碳源,有利于微生物的反硝化脱氮作用;磷的去除主要发生在后两个格室,原因是后两个格室填充了水泥砖块,水泥砖块对磷具有较好的吸附性能,但随着时间的推移,系统的除磷能力会因填料对磷的吸附饱和而逐渐下降,故需要及时更换填料。     

Space industrialization

Environmental Chemistry Letters -     

Synthesis and application of titanium dioxide photocatalysis for energy,decontamination and viral disinfection: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Global pollution is calling for advanced methods to remove contaminants from water and wastewater, such as TiO2-assisted photocatalysis.  The...     

Interfacial solar steam generation by wood-based devices to produce drinking water: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Freshwater supply is declining in the context of climate change, pollution, and soil salinization, calling for sustainable methods to produce drinking water. For...     

Synthesis and applications of carbon quantum dots derived from biomass waste: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - In the context of the circular economy and decreasing earth resources, waste should be converted into value-added materials such as carbon quantum dots, which are...     

Hydrologic Landscape Characterization for the Pacific Northwest,USA

We update the Wigington et al. (2013) hydrologic landscape (HL) approach to make it more broadly applicable and apply the revised approach to the Pacific Northwest (PNW; i.e., Oregon, Washington, and Idaho). Specific changes incorporated are the use of assessment units based on National Hydrography Dataset Plus V2 catchments, a modified snowmelt model validated over a broader area, an aquifer permeability index that does not require preexisting aquifer permeability maps, and aquifer and soil permeability classes based on uniform criteria. Comparison of Oregon results for the revised and original approaches found fewer and larger assessment units, loss of summer seasonality, and changes in rankings and proportions of aquifer and soil permeability classes. Differences could be explained by three factors: an increased assessment unit size, a reduced number of permeability classes, and use of smaller cutoff values for the permeability classes. The distributions of the revised HLs in five groups of Oregon rivers were similar to the original HLs but less variable. The improvements reported here should allow the revised HL approach to be applied more often in situations requiring hydrologic classification and allow greater confidence in results. We also apply the map results to the development of hydrologic landscape regions.