城市污水处理厂恶臭浓度分布规律及其防治措施

城市污水处理厂的主要大气污染物之一为恶臭污染,恶臭问题已经成为环境领域的一个重要研究课题。恶臭污染物的来源主要是初沉池等水流湍动处,其成分主要是含氮化合物、含硫化合物、含氧有机物等。分析了恶臭污染物的来源、成分和浓度分布等,对确定城市污水处理厂的卫生防护距离进行了讨论,并介绍了目前国内外主要恶臭污染防治措施。湿式吸收氧化法和生物过滤法这两种技术是当前发展和应用的方向。     

浅谈循环经济与畜禽粪便资源化

我国畜禽养殖业发展迅速,但由于相关政策脱节、缺乏合理规划与布局、技术研究落后等原因,畜禽废弃物未经有效处理直接排入环境中,造成毒化水源、污染大气、传播病菌、危害农田等一系列危害.运用循环经济理论指导畜禽粪便环境污染治理,使其实现减量化、资源化、无害化,具有很大的经济效益和环境效益.     

Estimating the Variability and Confidence of Land Use and Imperviousness Relationships at a Regional Scale1

Abstract: Impervious cover is a commonly used metric to help explain or predict anthropogenic impacts on aquatic resources; often it is used as a surrogate for intensity of human impacts when evaluating effects on aquatic resources. The most common way to estimate imperviousness is based on relationships with land use. Few studies have evaluated how the relationship between impervious surface and land use varies among geographies with different levels of development and between types of imagery used to assign land use type. In this study, we assess variability in estimates of imperviousness based on two locally available land use datasets: one based on aerial imagery (2‐m resolution) and another based on satellite imagery (30‐m resolution). The ranges and variability in imperviousness within land use categories were assessed at several spatial scales, including within counties, between counties, and between watersheds. Results indicate that there was considerable variability for all developed land use types. Estimated impervious cover often varied over a range of 20‐40% points within a land use category. Furthermore, there were clear spatial patterns both between and within counties, with impervious cover for a given land use type being higher near the urban centers and lower at the margins of development. Estimates of imperviousness for 12 study watersheds indicated that variability increased with increasing watershed development, making it difficult to confidently set management or regulatory targets based on impervious cover. This study suggests that locally derived, high resolution satellite or aerial imagery should be used to estimate imperviousness when a high level of accuracy and precision is required for regulatory or management decisions. Furthermore, the error associated with impervious land use relationships should be accounted for when using impervious cover in runoff or water quality models, or when making management decisions regarding stream health.     

Short and medium chain length chlorinated paraffins in UK human milk fat

Chlorinated paraffins (also called polychlorinated n-alkanes -- PCAs) are a class of industrial chemicals comprising chlorinated straight chain hydrocarbons. They have a wide range of applications and are now found in a range of environmental compartments. We analysed a total of 25 human milk-fat samples, donated by 18 individuals from the urban London and more rural Lancaster areas in the UK, for short chain PCAs (C(10)-C(13) sPCAs) and medium chain PCAs (C(14)-C(17) mPCAs), using gas chromatography-ECNI high-resolution mass spectrometry. Our study confirms that trace quantities of PCAs can reach human milk-fat. sPCAs were detected in all but four samples, while mPCAs were detected in all samples. The median sPCA concentration was 180 ng/g fat (range of 49 to 820 ng/g fat -- detected values only) and the median mPCA concentration was 21 ng/g fat (range of 6.2 to 320 ng/g fat). No differences were noted in ranges of observed values for either sPCAs or mPCAs between samples from London and Lancaster. Most samples also exhibited similar patterns of sPCAs and mPCAs. One sample exhibited a different pattern for sPCAs and mPCAs, an observation that may be related to differences in exposure or biological factors for this individual.     

Developing the scientific basis for assessing cumulative effects of wetland loss and degradation on landscape functions: Status,perspectives, and prospects

The incongruity between the regional and national scales at which wetland losses are occurring, and the project-specific scale at which wetlands are regulated and studied, has become obvious. This article presents a synthesis of recent efforts by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the Ecosystems Research Center at Cornell University to bring wetland science and regulation into alignment with the reality of the cumulative effects of wetland loss and degradation on entire landscapes and regions. The synthesis is drawn from the other articles in this volume, the workshop that initiated them, and the scientific literature. It summarizes the status of our present scientific understanding, discusses means by which to actualize the existing potential for matching the scales of research and regulation with the scales at which effects are observed, and provides guidelines for building a stronger scientific base for landscape-level assessments of cumulative effects. It also provides the outlines for a synoptic and qualitative approach to cumulative effects assessment based on a reexamination of the generic assessment framework we proposed elsewhere in this volume.The primary conclusion to be drawn from the articles and the workshop is that a sound scientific basis for regulation will not come merely from acquiring more information on more variables. It will come from recognizing that a perceptual shift to larger temporal, spatial, and organizational scales is overdue. The shift in scale will dictate different—not necessarily more—variables to be measured in future wetland research and considered in wetland regulation.     

Adsorption and desorption characteristics of diphenylarsenicals in two contrasting soils

Diphenylarsinic acid(DPAA) is formed during the leakage of aromatic arsenic chemical weapons in soils,is persistent in nature,and results in arsenic contamination in the field.The adsorption and desorption characteristics of DPAA were investigated in two typical Chinese soils,an Acrisol(a variable-charge soil) and a Phaeozem(a constant-charge soil).Their thermodynamics and some of the factors influencing them(i.e.,initial pH value,ionic strength and phosphate) were also evaluated using the batch method in order to understand the environmental fate of DPAA in soils.The results indicate that Acrisol had a stronger adsorption capacity for DPAA than Phaeozem.Soil DPAA adsorption was a spontaneous and endothermic process and the amount of DPAA adsorbed was affected significantly by variation in soil pH and phosphate.In contrast,soil organic matter and ionic strength had no significant effect on adsorption.This suggests that DPAA adsorption may be due to specific adsorption on soil mineral surfaces.Therefore,monitoring the fate of DPAA in soils is recommended in areas contaminated by leakage from chemical weapons.     

电厂燃煤烟尘PM2.5中化学组分特征

采集了阳泉市具有代表性的燃煤电厂除尘器下载灰,测定了其PM_(2.5)中元素、离子及EC(元素碳)、OC(有机碳)的含量水平,对其化学组分特征进行了研究,并运用分歧系数法对阳泉与其他地区的燃煤烟尘PM_(2.5)成分谱之间的相似程度进行了比较.结果发现,阳泉市电厂燃煤锅炉排放的细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中主要组分为SO_4~(2-)、Ca、NO_3~-、OC、EC、Al、Si、Na、Fe、Mg以及Cl~-,占PM_(2.5)总质量的57.22%;Pb在燃煤烟尘PM_(2.5)中相对富集系数最大,达到10.66~15.91,呈显著富集;无烟煤和劣质煤燃烧后烟尘的PM_(2.5)成分谱之间的分歧系数为0.072,认为这两个成分谱必定相似,与其他城市所建立的燃煤烟尘成分谱相比,阳泉市燃煤电厂PM_(2.5)的化学组分具有特异性,尤其是Ca含量明显高于国内其他地区燃煤烟尘Ca的排放.     

成矿流体地球化学界面:Ⅰ概念的由来及发展

成矿流体地球化学界面是成矿流体在运移演化过程中 ,由于成矿流体周围环境的突变、成矿流体演化的不连续性和成矿流体 -环境的相互作用结果等内外因素突变所造成的成矿作用突变部位。本文简要介绍了成矿流体地球化学界面的由来、发展、含义、组成及研究意义     

北京市燃气工业锅炉NO_x排放及空气质量影响分析

多年来北京市一直致力于改善能源结构,推行燃煤锅炉清洁能源改造等举措,不断提高天然气使用比例,天然气占一次能源的比例从2000年3.1%上升到2012年的16.7%,燃气锅炉的数量、总蒸吨数初具规模。相对燃煤工业锅炉,燃气工业锅炉的主要环境问题是NOx排放,NOx又是二次污染物O3和PM2.5的前体物,从而对空气质量产生影响。该研究选择典型燃气锅炉,对其NOx实际排放浓度进行监测,获取排放因子。结合活动水平,采用排放因子法估算排放量,利用WRF-CMAQ模拟其对空气质量的影响。结果表明:北京市燃气工业锅炉NOx排放因子为2.19 g/m3天然气,采用排放因子法估算全市燃气工业锅炉NOx排放量为9 339 t。对于空气质量影响,不同季度略有差异,全年NOx浓度上升明显,贡献7.2%NO2平均浓度,二次转化为PM2.5不明显,而且夏季由于气温较高,在光化学反应作用下二次转化成臭氧趋势明显。     

环境规制效果与中国城市空气污染

中国不同城市的空气污染现状与年际变化存在巨大的差异,但总体而言正在经历着明显的改善。城市空气污染是政府环境规制效果的体现,论文从影响环境规制的多种途径和渠道出发,将影响政府环境规制执行效果的原因分为三种因素,包括来自企业等利益攸关者的环境规制执行阻力、来自社会的空气污染改善受益方的环境规制执行压力和政府本身的环境规制执行能力。论文着重阐述了这三种动力内容,并利用空气污染指数(API)数据制作非平衡面板模型,对这三种动力因素与规制执行效果的关系进行了验证,发现环境规制执行阻力和环境规制执行能力显著地影响规制执行效果。教育等社会因素通过提升环境规制压力也能够对环境规制执行进行一定的推动。