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221.
Erik R. Lee Saied Mostaghimi Theresa M. Wynn 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2002,38(1):17-32
ABSTRACT: A dynamic, compartmental, simulation model (WETLAND) was developed for the design and evaluation of constructed wetlands to optimize nonpoint source (NPS) pollution control. The model simulates the hydrologic, nitrogen, carbon, dissolved oxygen (DO), bacteria, vegetative, phosphorous, and sediment cycles of a wetland system. Written in Fortran 77, the WETLAND models both free‐water surface (FWS) and subsurface flow (SSF) wetlands, and is designed in a modular manner that gives the user the flexibility to decide which cycles and processes to model. WETLAND differs from many existing wetland models in that the interactions between the different nutrient cycles are modeled, minimizing the number of assumptions concerning wetland processes. It also directly links microbial growth and death to the consumption and transformations of nutrients in the wetland system. The WETLAND model is intended to be utilized with an existing NPS hydro‐logic simulation model, such as ANSWERS or BASINS, but also may be used in situations where measured input data to the wetland are available. The model was calibrated and validated using limited data from a FWS wetland located at Benton, Kentucky. The WETLAND predictions were not statistically different from measured values for of five‐day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), suspended sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorous. Effluent DO predictions were not always consistent with measured concentrations. A sensitivity analysis indicated the most significant input parameters to the model were those that directly affected bacterial growth and DO uptake and movement. The model was used to design a hypothetical constructed wetland in a subwatershed of the Nomini Creek watershed, located in Virginia. Two‐year simulations were completed for five separate wetland designs. Predicted percent reductions in BOD5 (4 to 45 percent), total suspended solids (85 to 100 percent), total nitrogen (42 to 56 percent), and total phosphorous (38 to 57 percent) were similar to levels reported by previous research. 相似文献
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Within the European monitoring network (EMEP, ) several different sampling procedures for measuring the main air components have been applied. This has contributed to systematic
concentration differences and a comparability problem. Since 1997 co-located experiments in 15 countries have been carried
out to quantify these differences. In addition, three major measurement campaigns were organized by EMEP between 1985 and
1991. Differences among results depend on the concentration level and methods used. The decrease in SO2 concentrations over the last twenty years has placed greater demands on the methodology. Absorbing solutions methods for
SO2, (H2O2 and tetrachloromercurate (TCM)) typically have higher detection limits than the reference method, which uses KOH impregnated
filters. The TCM method also has problems with negative interference, especially in summertime. UV fluorescence monitors have
in a few cases proven to give good results, but interferences, detection limit and poor maintenance can be problems. For NO2, many countries are using the TGS absorption solution method, which has a higher detection limit than the reference method
using NaI impregnated glass sinters. The Salzmann method gives unreliable results at concentrations below 1 μgN/m3, and even at higher concentrations the uncertainty is rather unsatisfactory. The chemiluminescence monitor with molybdenum
converters tends to systematically overestimate NO2 concentrations, possibly because zero-drift problems and the non-specific response to NO2. Particulate sulphate measurements in general have lower bias and uncertainties than gas and other aerosol measurements. 相似文献
224.
Developing the ethical matrix as a decision support framework: GM fish as a case study 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Matthias Kaiser Kate Millar Erik Thorstensen Sandy Tomkins 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(1):65-80
The Ethical Matrix was developed to help decision-makers explore the ethical issues raised by agri-food biotechnologies. Over
the decade since its inception the Ethical Matrix has been used by a number of organizations and the philosophical basis of
the framework has been discussed and analyzed extensively. The role of tools such as the Ethical Matrix in public policy decision-making
has received increasing attention. In order to further develop the methodological aspects of the Ethical Matrix method, work
was carried out to study the potential role of the Ethical Matrix as a decision support framework. When considering which
frameworks to apply when analyzing the ethical dimensions of the application of agri-food biotechnologies, it is important
to clarify the substantive nature of any prospective framework. In order to further investigate this issue, reflections on
the neologism “ethical soundness” of an ethical framework are presented here. This concept is introduced in order to provide
more structured evaluations of a range of ethical tools, including ethical frameworks such as the Ethical Matrix. As well
as examining the philosophical dimensions of the method, theoretical analysis and literature studies were combined with stakeholder
engagement exercises and consultations in order to review the Ethical Matrix from a user perspective. This work resulted in
the development of an Ethical Matrix Manual, which is intended to act as a guide for potential user groups. 相似文献
225.
Erik De Bakker 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(1):119-136
Paying thorough attention to cynical action and integrity could result in a less naive approach to ethics and moral communication.
This article discusses the issues of integrity and cynicism on a theoretical and on a more practical level. The first part
confronts Habermas’s approach of communicative action with Sloterdijk’s concept of cynical reason. In the second part, the
focus will be on the constraints and possibilities of moral communication within a business context. Discussing the corporate
integrity approach of Kaptein and Wempe will provide this focus. Their approach can be considered as a valuable contribution
to the question of how to deal with (dilemmas of) conflicting interests, open discussion, fairness, and strategic decision-making
in the context of stakeholder dialog. However, it is concluded that Kaptein and Wempe seem to overstretch the concept of corporate
integrity by their inclination to make it an all-purpose remedy for corporate dilemmas. 相似文献
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van Ginneken V Ballieux B Antonissen E van der Linden R Gluvers A van den Thillart G 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2007,94(2):128-133
In birds and mammals, the thyroid gland secretes the iodothyronine hormones of which tetraiodothyronine (T4) is less active
than triiodothyronine (T3). The action of T3 and T4 is calorigenic and is involved in the control of metabolic rate. Across
all vertebrates, thyroid hormones also play a major role in differentiation, development and growth. Although the fish thyroidal
system has been researched extensively, its role in thermogenesis is unclear. In this study, we measured overall heat production
to an accuracy of 0.1 mW by direct calorimetry in a free-moving European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) with different thyroid status. Hyperthyroidism was induced by injection of T3 and T4, and hypothyroidism was induced
with phenylthiourea. The results show for the first time at the organismal level, using direct calorimetry, that neither overall
heat production nor overall oxygen consumption in eels is affected by hyperthyroidism. Therefore, we conclude that the thermogenic
metabolism-stimulating effect of thyroid hormones (TH) is not present with a cold-blooded fish species like the European eel.
This supports the concept that TH does not stimulate thermogenesis in poikilothermic species. 相似文献
230.
Daniel J. A. Johansson Paul L. Lucas Matthias Weitzel Erik O. Ahlgren A. B Bazaz Wenying Chen Michel G. J. den Elzen Joydeep Ghosh Maria Grahn Qiao-Mei Liang Sonja Peterson Basanta K. Pradhan Bas J. van Ruijven P. R. Shukla Detlef P. van Vuuren Yi-Ming Wei 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2015,20(8):1335-1359