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91.
In situ remediation of soils contaminated with toxic metal ions using microwave energy 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Following onto our work on the in situ remediation of soils contaminated with PAH's, PCB's and other polychlorinated organic compounds using microwave energy, we now report a preliminary investigation on the in situ remediation of soils contaminated with toxic metal ions: Cd(II), Mn(II), Th(IV), Cr(III) and mainly Cr(VI). The soil is partially vitrified in the process, and extraction with hot (70 degrees C) 35% nitric acid for 4.5 h leads to the recovery of very small amounts of the metals which had been spiked into the clean soil: Cd, Mn, and Cr(III) are completely immobilized (unextractable), Th is mostly unextractable, and Cr(VI) partially extractable at very high levels of spiking, but almost completely unextractable using the US EPA Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure. This suggests that contaminated soils which are not going to be used for agricultural purposes can be remediated safely to preset depths without fear of the toxic metal ions leaching out for a long time. 相似文献
92.
Amenity Migration and Public Lands: Rise of the Protected Areas 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Environmental Management - Rural amenity migration, or the relocation for quality of life purposes as opposed to monetary enhancement, has been occurring for decades and has been particularly... 相似文献
93.
The natural flow regimes of rivers worldwide have been heavily altered through anthropogenic activities, and dams in particular have a pervasive effect on riverine ecosystems. Flow-regulation effects of dams negatively affect species diversity and abundance of a variety of aquatic animals, including invertebrates and fishes. However, the effects on semiaquatic animals are relatively unknown. We conducted anuran calling surveys at 42 study locations along the Broad and Pacolet Rivers in South Carolina to address the potential effects of flow regulation by damming on anuran occupancy and abundance. We estimated occupancy and abundance with Program PRESENCE. Models incorporated distance upstream and downstream from the nearest dam as covariates and urbanization pressure as an alternative stressor. Distance from dam was associated with occupancy of 2 of the 9 anuran species in our analyses and with abundance of 6 species. In all cases, distance downstream from nearest dam was a better predictor of occupancy and abundance than distance upstream from nearest dam. For all but one species, distance downstream from nearest dam was positively correlated with both occupancy and abundance. Reduced occupancy and abundance of anurans likely resulted from downstream alterations in flow regime associated with damming, which can lead to reduced area of riparian wetlands that serve as anuran breeding habitat. Our results showed that damming has a strong negative effect on multiple anuran species across large spatial extents and suggest that flow regulation can affect semiaquatic animals occupying riparian zones. 相似文献
94.
The present study examined the mode and timing of reproduction of poorly understood deep-water octocorals and the environmental
factors that may influence their reproductive patterns. Data on reproductive characteristics of the octocoral Drifa glomerata (Alcyonacea: Nephtheidae) collected between 2004 and 2007 at ca. 100–330 m depth off Newfoundland and Labrador (eastern Canada)
were compared among years, months and depth ranges. No male gonad was ever observed during the study. The ratio of fertile
colonies possessing large pinkish polyps with oocytes/planulae was >50% throughout the year. The number of brooded planula
larvae within a single fertile polyp varied between 1 and 10 for a total of approximately 40–3,000 in a whole colony. The
size of oocytes and/or planulae was consistently greater in the polyps than in the branchlets, indicating that the development
pathway of oocytes to planulae is from the branchlets to the polyps. Although larval production seemed to persist year round,
the onset of major planulation events occurred in December–January of two consecutive years, when large mature planulae were
released in correlation with the first increase of photoperiod and maximum temperature at 150 m. A second peak in planulation
between April and early June followed the phytoplankton bloom. Seasonal trends were more apparent in colonies from <200 m,
and the planula index varied among sampling depths and years. Larval release in a live colony under laboratory conditions
occurred between January and June 2008, closely following predictions based on field samples. 相似文献
95.
Elisabeth Simelton Evan D.G. Fraser Mette Termansen Piers M. Forster Andrew J. Dougill 《Environmental Science & Policy》2009,12(4):438-452
Why is it that sometimes small droughts trigger serious crop losses while in other cases even large droughts do not have such a major effect? In this paper, we identify socio-economic indicators associated with sensitivity and resilience to drought for each of China's main grain crops (rice, wheat and corn). Provincial harvest and rainfall data (1961–2001) are used to calculate an annual “crop-drought vulnerability index”. We separate “sensitive cases” (where significant harvest losses occurred in years with only minor droughts) and “resilient cases” (where harvest losses were minimal despite there being a major drought) and explore the socio-economic characteristics of these different situations. Results show that sensitive cases were particularly common in economically poor landlocked provinces and in wealthy coastal areas that have a limited land base. In such “sensitive cases”, the size of the rural population and the quantity of agricultural inputs were negatively correlated with drought vulnerability, while for resilient cases, vulnerability was negatively correlated with the abundance of land. This leads us to propose a series of drought-vulnerability typologies based on the extent to which land, labour, capital, agricultural technology, and infrastructure buffer or exacerbate the effect of a drought event. 相似文献
96.
Socio-economic impacts of climate change on rural United States 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
Pankaj Lal Janaki R. R. Alavalapati Evan D. Mercer 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(7):819-844
Directly or indirectly, positively or negatively, climate change will affect all sectors and regions of the United States.
The impacts, however, will not be homogenous across regions, sectors, population groups or time. The literature specifically
related to how climate change will affect rural communities, their resilience, and adaptive capacity in the United States
(U.S.) is scarce. This article bridges this knowledge gap through an extensive review of the current state of knowledge to
make inferences about the rural communities vulnerability to climate change based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) scenarios. Our analysis shows that rural communities tend to be more vulnerable than their urban counterparts due to
factors such as demography, occupations, earnings, literacy, poverty incidence, and dependency on government funds. Climate
change impacts on rural communities differs across regions and economic sectors; some will likely benefit while others lose.
Rural communities engaged in agricultural and forest related activities in the Northeast might benefit, while those in the
Southwest and Southeast could face additional water stress and increased energy cost respectively. Developing adaptation and
mitigation policy options geared towards reducing climatic vulnerability of rural communities is warranted. A set of regional
and local studies is needed to delineate climate change impacts across rural and urban communities, and to develop appropriate
policies to mitigate these impacts. Integrating research across disciplines, strengthening research-policy linkages, integrating
ecosystem services while undertaking resource valuation, and expanding alternative energy sources, might also enhance coping
capacity of rural communities in face of future climate change. 相似文献
97.
Andres Susaeta Janaki Alavalapati Pankaj Lal Jagannadha R. Matta Evan Mercer 《Environmental management》2010,45(4):697-710
This article investigated public preferences for forest biomass based liquid biofuels, particularly ethanol blends of 10% (E10) and 85% (E85). We conducted a choice experiment study in three southern states in the United States: Arkansas, Florida, and Virginia. Reducing atmospheric CO2, decreasing risk of wildfires and pest outbreaks, and enhancing biodiversity were presented to respondents as attributes of using biofuels. Results indicated that individuals had a positive extra willingness to pay (WTP) for both ethanol blends. The extra WTP was greater for higher blends that offered larger environment benefits. The WTPs for E10 were $0.56 gallon?1, $0.58 gallon?1, and $0.48 gallon?1, and for E85 they were $0.82 gallon?1, $1.17 gallon?1, and $1.06 gallon?1 in Arkansas, Florida, and Virginia, respectively. Although differences in WTP for E10 were statistically insignificant among the three states, significant differences were found in the WTP for E85 between AR and FL and between AR and VA. Preferences for the environmental attributes appeared to be heterogeneous, as respondents’ were willing to pay a premium for E10 in all three states to facilitate the reduction of CO2 and the improvement of biodiversity but were not willing to pay more for E85 in order to enhance biodiversity. 相似文献
98.
Bruce Evan Goldstein William Hale Butler 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2009,52(8):1013-1033
In response to the ongoing crisis in fire management, the US Fire Learning Network (FLN) engages partners in collaborative, landscape-scale ecological fire restoration. The paper contends that the FLN employs technologies, planning guidelines and media to articulate an FLN imaginary that co-ordinates independent efforts to engage in ecological fire restoration work without need of either hierarchal authority or collective social capital. This imaginary may allow the FLN to draw on the creativity and adaptive innovation of collaboration to reform fire management institutions and fire-adapted ecosystems. 相似文献
99.
The Impact of Projected Climate Change Scenarios on Nitrogen Yield at a Regional Scale for the Contiguous United States 下载免费PDF全文
Md Jahangir Alam Jonathan L. Goodall Benjamin D. Bowes Evan H. Girvetz 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2017,53(4):854-870
Improved understanding of the potential regional impacts of projected climatic changes on nitrogen yield is needed to inform water resources management throughout the United States (U.S.). The objective of this research is to look broadly at watersheds in the contiguous U.S. to assess the potential regional impact of changes in precipitation (P) and air temperature (T) on nitrogen yield. The SPAtially Referenced Regression On Watershed attributes model and downscaled P and T outputs from 14 general circulation models were used to explore impacts on nitrogen yield. Results of the analysis suggest that projected changes in P and T will decrease nitrogen yield for the majority of the contiguous U.S., including the watersheds of the Chesapeake Bay and Gulf of Mexico. Some regions, however, such as the Pacific Northwest and Northern California, are projected to face climatic conditions that, according to the model results, may increase nitrogen yield. Combining the projections of climate‐driven changes in nitrogen yield with projected changes in watershed nitrogen inputs could help water resource managers develop regionally specific, long‐term strategies to mitigate nitrogen pollution. 相似文献
100.
Kerrylee Rogers Evan J. Knoll Craig Copeland Simon Walsh 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(5):1469-1479
Global degradation of coastal ecosystems is influencing the provision of ecosystem services, including fisheries maintenance services. Degradation of the Australian coastal zone and its resources following European occupation has been recognised for some time. This includes the loss of ecologically important coastal wetlands, which have strong trophic and habitat links to fisheries. In NSW, structural flood mitigation works are a principle driver of the decline of coastal wetlands; however, little action has been taken to quantify the extent of decline due to limited information of the pre-European settlement extent of coastal wetlands. We use spatial data sets in GIS to quantify prime fish habitat and calculate the loss of fish habitat for the large coastal floodplains of northern NSW, which are significant contributors to the commercial and recreational fisheries of NSW. The technique is validated by comparison with early maps of wetland distribution. We identified pre-European distribution of available fish habitat of approximately 477,000 ha, of which 87,000 ha was identified as prime fish habitat. Approximately 62,000 ha of prime fish habitat was impacted by drainage of the coastal floodplains in association with flood mitigation works which intensified in the mid-1950s and were largely completed by 1971, equating to a loss of approximately 72 % of prime fish habitat. The declining value of the ecosystem services provided by prime fish habitat following drainage is likely to be substantial. Some actions have taken place to restore the functions of this habitat although significant opportunities remain to reverse this decline through management actions that restore natural drainage and reinstate tidal exchange. These actions become even more important as pressures on coastal wetlands increase with climate change and associated sea-level rise. 相似文献