应用斑马鱼和凡纳对虾诊断污染场地污水的生物毒性

应用斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)和凡纳对虾(Penaeus vannamei)对某废弃有机污染场地中有毒有机废弃物堆积产生的污水(1号塘污水)和场地及周边地表径流积水(2号塘污水)的生物毒性进行了试验.结果表明,1号塘污水对斑马鱼和凡纳对虾96 hLC50分别为46.2%和59.6%, 2号塘污水的毒性试验中两种试验生物的死亡率皆为0.化学检测表明,1号塘污水中的主要污染物为苯酚类和酞酸脂类物质,而2号塘污水中均未检出有机污染物.化学检测结果与毒性试验结果具有较好的相关性.     

快速城市化地区土地利用效益评价--以南京市江宁区为例

作为衡量土地利用可持续性的重要标度,土地利用效益评价是近年来国内外城市土地研究的热点之一。从社会、经济、生态与环境等四方面建立了快速城市化地区土地利用效益评价的指标体系,利用层次分析法确定各指标权重,构建各效益子系统的协调度评价模型。并对南京市江宁区2003年的土地利用效益进行了综合评价,结果表明,全区总体土地利用效益适中且基本协调,但各乡镇间土地利用效益及其协调性的区域差异显著。依据各乡镇土地利用总效益及其协调度的聚类分级,可将全区划分为土地利用高效协调区、高效基本协调区、高效不协调区、中效协调区、中效基本协调区、中效不协调区与低效基本协调区等七大土地利用效益类型区,并分析了其区域差异的空间特征。     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

高速公路断面运行车速分布特征研究

在探讨车速分布指标与交通安全关系的基础上,对影响高速公路安全性设计与评价的运行车速指标分布特征进行深入研究。以高速公路大量实测运行车速数据为分析对象,通过研究断面运行车速频率分布特征,利用PP概率分布图和单样本K-S检验方法,对车速数据进行正态,Weibull(威尔布),Gamma(伽玛)及Logistic等4种分布形式的拟合检验。基于统计学原理,提出求解运行车速特征指标的方法。结果表明:高速公路断面运行车速服从正态分布;采用概率分布累积函数可有效解决运行车速基础理论中原始观测车速数据的指标准确量化问题。     

Contamination of soils with organochlorine pesticides in urban parks in Beijing, China

Urban parks are an integral component of healthy urban living. Since they are frequently visited, an understanding of the environmental quality of these urban facilities is crucial. Here, a study was conducted on the contamination of soils in the parks of Beijing. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), which have the potential to cause endocrine disturbances, were considered study objectives. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were found at concentrations of 0.2490-197.0 ng g(-1) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) were found at concentrations of 5.942-1039 ng g(-1) in the soils investigated. The preliminary pollution assessment indicated that DDTs have caused high pollution levels in the soils of some parks. Analysis of the sources of contamination showed that HCHs in the soils were derived from an old mixed source of technical HCHs and lindane and that DDTs, which were suspected to have recent application to the soils at some sites, were derived mainly from a mixture of technical DDTs and dicofol containing DDT impurities. An independent sample t-test proved that pesticides containing DDTs had been used in large amounts in the soils of parks before 1983 (p<0.05) and that the levels of DDTs in the soils of parks administered by the Beijing municipal government were significantly higher than the levels in those administered by the district government (p<0.05). However, the main difference in this situation needs to be further studied. This study suggested that open spaces like urban parks were not as sound as was expected and that there was potential for exposure of visitors/workers in the parks to organochlorine pesticides.     

浅议环境突发事件应急处理的系统性与运行机制

环境突发事件应急处理要做到“万无一失”,必须动员社会上的一切力量,现有的环保系统处理这一系统工程困难较大。笔者根据多年实践经验,分析了应急处理的系统性,提出了建立环境突发事件应急处理系统的设想,探索了其运行机制。     

絮凝法处理麦草浆中段废水

采用无机絮凝剂硫酸铝和三种不同分子量的聚丙烯酰胺对麦草浆中段废水进行絮凝沉降处理。通过对各种影响絮凝作用的因素进行系统研究，比较得出，分子量为800万的聚丙烯酰胺与硫酸铝配合的絮凝效果最好。     

伪装涂料抗老化技术研究

从理论上分析了涂料的老化机理．介绍了伪装涂料抗老化技术的研究现状及高耐候性伪装涂料的最新进展,指出了伪装涂料抗老化技术的发展趋势。     

关于铁路运输企业一线员工实施岗位轮换制的构想

从分析铁路目前施行的固定的岗位责任制弊端入手,以大型的客货运车站为例,提出了对铁路运输企业一线员工进行岗位轮换制改革的构想,并对该制度发挥的作用,实现形式、具体操作程序、以及实施过程中可能出现的问题进行了探究,有一定的指导和现实意义.图3,参3.     

共凝聚气浮反应器的设计及应用

根据气泡与絮体的粘附理论和紊流气浮理论,设计了共凝聚气浮反应器的试验装置,并通过对洗衣废水进行试验,确定运行参数,考察设备性能,对设备进行改进．混凝剂与原水在输水管线中混合,混凝过程在气浮反应池中进行．溶气水释放的微气泡在微絮体的空隙内释放长大,与微絮体形成共聚复合体,在上浮过程中起到了“核”的作用,提高了絮体的上浮速度,使气浮达到了最优的去除效果．该设备采用了气液混合泵溶气,取代了传统气浮装置中的空压机、溶气罐和释放器,减小了占地面积,节省了投资费用．