Seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and air of Dalian areas, China: an assessment of soil-air exchange

The seasonal variations of concentrations of PAHs in the soil and the air were measured in urban and rural region of Dalian, China in 2007. In soil, mean concentrations of all PAHs in summer were larger than those in winter, whereas the concentrations of heavier weight PAHs in winter were larger than those in summer. Winter/summer concentration ratios for individual PAHs (R(W/S)) increased with the increase of molecular weight of PAHs in soil, indicating that PAHs with high molecular weight were more easily deposited to soil in winter than summer. In air, mean concentrations of all PAHs in winter were larger than those in summer. In comparison with the R(W/S) in soil, all the values of R(W/S) in air were larger than one indicating that the entire individual PAH concentrations in winter were larger than those in summer. The average concentration composition for each PAH compound in soil and air samples was determined and the seasonal change of PAH profile was very small. It was suggested that PAHs in soils and air had the same or similar sources both in winter and summer. The approach to the soil-air equilibrium was assessed by calculating fugacity quotients between soil and air using the soil and air concentrations. The calculated soil-air fugacity quotients indicated that soil acted as a secondary source to the atmosphere for all lighter weight PAHs (two-three rings) and it will continue to be a sink for heavier weight PAHs (five-six rings) in the Dalian environment, both in winter and summer. Medium weight PAHs (four-five rings) were close to the soil-air equilibrium and the tendency shifted between soil and air when season or function region changed. The fugacity quotients of PAHs in summer (mean temperature 298 K) were larger than those in winter (mean temperature 273 K), indicating a higher tendency in summer than winter for PAHs to move from soil to air. The variation of ambient conditions such as temperature, rainfall, etc. can influence the movement of PAHs between soil and air. Most of the fugacity quotients of PAHs for the urban sites were larger than that for the rural site both in winter and summer. This phenomenon may be related with that the temperatures in urban sites were higher than those in the rural site because of the urban heat island effect.     

粪大肠菌群多管发酵测定法的改进研究

对地表水和废水中粪大肠菌群目前通用的多管发酵检测方法进行优化。将水样接种至乳糖蛋白胨培养液后,在44.5℃±0.5℃培养箱中培养24h记录结果,并与优化前的方法进行对比。结果表明,改进后的方法在时间上比改进前节省了约24~48小时,但两者在结果上无统计学意义的差别。多管发酵改进法可以用于地表水和废水中粪大肠菌群的检测。     

Physiological and biochemical responses to high Mn concentrations in two contrasting Populus cathayana populations

We exposed the cuttings of Populus cathayana to Hoagland's solution containing four different manganese (Mn) concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1mM) in a greenhouse to characterize the physiological and biochemical basis of Mn resistance in woody plants. Two contrasting populations of P. cathayana were used in our study, which were from the wet and dry climate regions in western China, respectively. The results showed that Mn treatments significantly decreased chlorophyll content and growth characteristics, including shoot height, basal diameter, biomass accumulation and total leaf area in the two populations. Mn treatments also significantly increased the levels of abscisic acid (ABA), polyamines and free amino acids especially proline (Pro), histidine (His) and phenylalanine (Phe) available for cellular signaling and heavy metal chelation. In addition, high Mn concentrations also caused oxidative stress indicated as the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. On the other hand, there were different responses to Mn stress between the two contrasting populations. Compared with the dry climate population, the wet climate population accumulated more Mn in plant tissues especially in leaves; it showed lower tolerance index and more pronounced decrease in growth and chlorophyll contents. The wet climate population not only accumulated less ABA, putrescine and free amino acids, but also exhibited lower activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), thus suffering from more serious oxidative damage. Therefore, our results showed that the wet climate population was more susceptible to Mn stress than the dry climate population.     

Decolorization of cationic red X-GRL by wet air oxidation: performance optimization and degradation mechanism

The decolorization of a strong colored azo dye solution of cationic red X-GRL was investigated by wet air oxidation under relatively mild conditions (60-180 degrees C, PO2 = 0-1.2 MPa). Mono-factor experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of the operation factors and the relatively important parameters were selected for optimization using response surface methodology to explore the interactions of these relatively important parameters. Model regeneration analysis and the check experiments showed that the data of the general linear model agreed with the experiment results well. With multistage Monte-Carlo optimization, the best region of these variables could be predicted to dye color removal. At typical operational conditions, the intermediates of dye degradation were detected and confirmed by GC/MS system. Considering the intermediates and the structure analysis with the help of Gaussian 03W (version 6.0) and the theory of dye color, a possible degradation mechanism for the wet air oxidation of cationic red X-GRL was discussed and the probable degradation pathway was deduced.     

The study of distribution and fate of nitrobenzene in a water/sediment microcosm

In November 2005, an explosion occurred at a petrochemical plant of the Jilin Petrochemical Corporation in Jilin Province, China. A nearby water body was seriously polluted with a large spill of toxic substances made up of a mixture of benzene, aniline, and nitrobenzene (NB). To understand the long term impact of NB on public health and ecosystem around the Songhua River, it was necessary to investigate its fate in the environment. In this study, a microcosm was used to mimic the polluted water system and to study the transport and fate of NB in the river water body. The volatility and biodegradation of NB was investigated and a Markov model was applied to predict the fate of NB in the environment. The simulated results matched very well with the results obtained from the microcosm experiment. The model indicated that at room temperature and after around 500 h, there was only residual NB in the water and sediment. Most of the NB (around 82%) evaporated into the air and 18% was degraded by microorganisms.     

In situ studies on the distribution patterns and dynamics of microcystins in a biomanipulation fish--bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis)

The distribution and dynamics of microcystins in various organs of the phytoplanktivorous bighead carp were studied monthly in Lake Taihu, which is dominated by toxic cyanobacteria. There was a good agreement between LC-MS and HPLC-UV determinations. Average recoveries of spiked fish samples were 63% for MC-RR and 71% for MC-LR. The highest MC contents in intestine, liver, kidney and spleen were 85.67, 2.83, 1.70 and 1.57 microg g-1 DW, respectively. MCs were much higher in mid-gut walls (1.22 microg g-1 DW) than in hind- and fore-gut walls (0.31 and 0.18 microg g-1 DW, respectively), suggesting the importance of mid-gut wall as major site for MC absorption. A cysteine conjugate of MC-LR was detected frequently in kidney. Among the muscle samples analyzed, 25% were above the provisional tolerable daily intake level by WHO. Bighead is strongly resistant to microcystins and can be used as biomanipulation fish to counteract cyanotoxin contamination in eutrophic waters.     

2007年中国安全生产事故与自然灾害状况

综述了2007年中国安全生产事故状况和自然灾害情况.2007年中国共发生各类安全生产事故506 376起,死亡101 480人,同比分别减少19.3%和10.1%.非煤矿山共发生伤亡事故1 861起、死亡2 188人,同比分别下降0 6%和3.9%.火灾发生15 9万起,死亡1 418人,受伤863人,直接财产损失9 9亿元.共发生森林火灾9 260起,草原火灾248起.2007年各类自然灾害共造成39 777 9万人(次)不同程度受灾,因灾死亡2 325人; 农作物受灾面积4 899万hm2,上升19 2%,其中绝收面积575万hm2,上升6.2%.因灾直接经济损失2 363亿元,比2006年下降6.5%.安徽、四川、河南、湖南、云南、重庆、浙江、陕西等地受灾较为严重.全国因气象灾害共造成经济损失约2 342亿元.2007年共发生风暴潮、海浪、海冰、赤潮和海啸等灾害性海洋过程163次,造成直接经济损失88 37亿元,死亡(含失踪)161人.地质灾害共发生25 364起,死亡598人,造成直接经济损失24 75亿元.大陆地区共发生5级以上地震17次,地震灾害造成死亡3人,直接经济损失20.19亿元.结果表明,2007年中国安全生产事故的发生较2006年有所缓和,自然灾害状况也较2006年轻.     

建筑火灾烟气中CO迁移规律的FDS模拟

以T型"侧间-走廊"典型建筑火灾为模拟对象,分析烟气在走廊中的水平和垂直流动特征,并对火源房门高低、走廊端头启闭和多房门启闭等场景使用火灾模拟软件(FDS)进行了模拟和远距离房间CO浓度的迁移规律的分析。结果表明:烟气从火源房间经拱腹溢出在走廊中形成受限空间的顶棚射流;门檐高度决定了CO能够在走廊中的迁移量;烟气在走廊远距离封闭端头形成上部的热烟气层,中部回流层和下层的补气层;其中中部烟气回流层的高低、流速和CO浓度是影响临近非火源房间CO浓度的重要因素。走廊启闭和多房门火灾场景的模拟结果也进一步证明了CO的迁移规律。     

“四沿”化工企业污水处理系统安全事故状态下负荷缓冲及安全环境(SE)联锁探讨

在对"四沿"(沿江、沿河、沿湖、沿海)化工行业污水处理方法及流程特点总结的基础上,归纳出应对水力和污染物冲击负荷的缓冲方法。为克服缓冲控制能力有限的缺点,提出一种新方法——SE(安全和环境)联锁,以期达到完善管理、提高控制效果的目的,并详细阐述了该方法在管理及技术层面的实施途径。     

企业安全管理体系标准模式的比较研究

采用对比分析法和实证分析法,对当前国内外流行的企业安全管理体系标准模式及其评价方法进行比较研究,旨在把握诸多标准模式的原则、路径、结构、方法和共性特征及其可以发挥的具体优点,将研究的标准模式的评价方法归纳为两大类即体系认证审核法和综合考评打分法,并对两类评价方法的优缺点进行剖析。体系认证审核法的优点是过程方法、符合性及抽样,考评打分法则提供了安全绩效准则。对吸收融合两类评价方法的优点形成综合性评价方法的途径和方式进行了探讨,为企业建立有效、适用的安全管理体系提供了依据。