羟基磷灰石对成都平原水稻土中重金属的钝化效果研究

本研究选取成都平原典型农田系统受Cd和Zn复合污染土壤为研究对象,采用淋溶试验和老化试验,探索添加羟基磷灰石对土壤中重金属生物有效性以及形态分布的影响,羟基磷灰石添加比例（w/w）设置为0%（CK）、1%（P1）、3%（P3）和5%（P5）。结果表明：①添加羟基磷灰石能够明显降低土壤中Cd和Zn淋失量,P1、P3和P5与CK的Cd累积淋失量（110 μg）相比,降低比例分别为82.7%、92.7%、90.7%,P1、P3和P5与CK的Zn累积淋失量（9.30 mg）相比,降低比例分别为94.8%、97.1%、94.6%;②添加羟基磷灰石能够显著提高土壤pH,P1、P3和P5的pH分别比CK升高了0.30、0.53、0.95个pH单位;③添加羟基磷灰石能够显著降低土壤有效态Cd和Zn（0.025 mol HCl）,相较于CK,P1、P3和P5的有效态Cd含量分别降低了59.0%、94.7%、98.7%,有效态Zn含量分别降低了18.6%、49.6%、87.6%;④添加羟基磷灰石能够显著降低土壤可交换态和碳酸盐结合态Cd和Zn含量,增加土壤中残渣态Cd和Zn含量,从而促进Cd和Zn向非活性态转化。本研究结果表明羟基磷灰石在成都平原区典型农田系统耕地Cd和Zn污染的修复中有较大的应用潜力。     

水解-好氧生物法处理城市污水试验研究

采用水解 好氧工艺的原理 ,设计了将污水与污泥处理合二为一的高效组合水解池 三相生物流化床流程 ,在广州经济技术开发区进行了处理量为 1 0 0L/h的城市污水处理试验。试验结果表明 :在平均进水CODCr为 4 92 3mg/L ,BOD5为 2 4 0 9mg/L ,SS为 5 5 2 3mg/L ,NH4 N为 1 8 8mg/L ,TP为 2 0mg/L条件下 ,平均出水CODCr为 4 7 3mg/L ,BOD5为 2 2 lmg/L ,SS为 1 3 9mg/L ,NH4 N为 5 2mg/L ,TP为 1 4mg/L ,并进行了该工艺中污泥循环的初步分析 ,为该工艺处理城市污水工业化提供了技术参考。     

Distinct community assembly processes underlie significant spatiotemporal dynamics of abundant and rare bacterioplankton in the Yangtze River

• Season and landform influenced spatiotemporal patterns of abundant and rare taxa. • Different stochastic processes dominated abundant and rare subcommunity assembly. • River flow and suspended solids regulated assembly processes of rare taxa. The rare microbial biosphere provides broad ecological services and resilience to various ecosystems. Nevertheless, the biogeographical patterns and assembly processes of rare bacterioplankton communities in large rivers remain uncertain. In this study, we investigated the biogeography and community assembly processes of abundant and rare bacterioplankton taxa in the Yangtze River (China) covering a distance of 4300 km. The results revealed similar spatiotemporal patterns of abundant taxa (AT) and rare taxa (RT) at both taxonomic and phylogenetic levels, and analysis of similarities revealed that RT was significantly influenced by season and landform than AT. Furthermore, RT correlated with more environmental factors than AT, whereas environmental and spatial factors explained a lower proportion of community shifts in RT than in AT. The steeper distance–decay slopes in AT indicated higher spatial turnover rates of abundant subcommunities than rare subcommunities. The null model revealed that both AT and RT were mainly governed by stochastic processes. However, dispersal limitation primarily governed the AT, whereas the undominated process accounted for a higher fraction of stochastic processes in RT. River flow and suspended solids mediated the balance between the stochastic and deterministic processes in RT. The spatiotemporal dynamics and assembly processes of total taxa were more similar as AT than RT. This study provides new insights into both significant spatiotemporal dynamics and inconsistent assembly processes of AT and RT in large rivers.     

Photochemical degradation of six polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners under ultraviolet irradiation in hexane

The photodegradation of six individual PBDE congeners (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 183) in hexane was investigated under UV light in the sunlight region, employing a mercury lamp filtered with Pyrex glass. All photodegradation reactions followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics, with the half-lives ranging from 0.26h for BDE-183 to 6.46h for BDE-100. The photochemical reaction rates of PBDEs decreased with decreasing number of bromine substituents in the molecule, also in some cases were influenced by the PBDE substitution pattern. Principal photoproducts detected were less brominated PBDEs, and no PBDE-solvent adducts were found. Consecutive reductive debromination was confirmed as the main mechanism for the photodegradation of PBDEs in hexane. In general, debromination firstly occurred on the more substituted rings, when the numbers of bromine atoms on the two phenyl rings were unequal. For less brominated PBDEs, the photoreactivity of bromines at various positions of phenyl rings decreased in the order: ortho>para; while for higher brominated PBDEs, the difference became not significant.     

可见光响应的碘掺杂TiO2光催化剂的制备及其作用机理

以钛酸四丁酯为前驱物制备了碘掺杂TiO2催化剂(I-TiO2),考察了碘掺杂量、水解水量、水解温度和煅烧温度对催化剂物理化学性质与光催化活性的影响。X射线衍射(XRD)结果显示,I-TiO2由锐钛矿相和金红石相组成。在可见光照射下,通过降解水溶液中的苯酚评价了I-TiO2催化剂的光催化性能。结果表明,在水解温度为20℃,水解水量为300 mL,煅烧温度为400℃,碘钛比(摩尔比)为20%的制备条件下,催化剂显示了最优的光催化活性。通过向反应体系中引入自由基捕获剂及降低溶解氧,证实光催化降解苯酚主要由光生空穴或吸附的羟基自由基引发。     

Concentrations of chlorobenzenes, hexachlorobutadiene and heavy metals in surficial sediments of Kaohsiung coast, Taiwan

This work analyzes surface sediment samples collected from 40 stations along the Kaohsiung coast in southern Taiwan for chlorobenzenes (CBs), hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) and heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Fe, Mn and Cr). The highest CBs concentrations are recorded in station T7-15 (about 10 km west off the outlet of Da-lin-pu ocean outfall pipe), with total di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexa-chlorobenzenes concentrations of 290.5, 117.1, 64.5, 15.7 and 22.3 ng/g, respectively. The major pollution source of HCBD is most likely located in the Tso-yin ocean outfall field; while the Dah-lin-pu ocean outfall field and Kao-ping Chi estuary, located in the southern portion of Kaohsiung coast, are the major contributors of hexachlorobenzene. The concentration of CBs congeners correlate fairly well with each other, as do metals. However, concentrations of organics (CBs and HCBD) did not correlate with metals. This finding implies that the pollution characteristics of organics and heavy metals in this highly utilized coastal zone markedly differ from each other.     

低浓度CS2废气的光降解研究及工艺设计

利用185～253．7nm紫外光联合降解低浓度二硫化碳废气。结果表明，在一定的气体浓度、流速以及湿度下，该技术能够有效降解二硫化碳使其浓度低于人的嗅阈值，同时研究也发现，该技术对苯乙烯和甲苯二甲苯等有机废气也有同样的处理效果，具有很好的工业化应用前景。     

Chemical compositions and radiative properties of dust and anthropogenic air masses study in Taipei Basin, Taiwan, during spring of 2004

Asia is one of the major sources of not only mineral dust but also anthropogenic aerosols. Continental air masses associated with the East Asian winter monsoon always contain high contents of mineral dust and anthropogenic species and transported southeastward to Taiwan, which have significant influences on global atmospheric radiation transfer directly by scattering and absorbing solar radiation in each spring. However, few measurements for the long-range transported aerosol and its optical properties were announced in this area, between the Western Pacific and the southeastern coast of Mainland China. The overall objective of this work is to quantify the optical characteristics of different aerosol types in the Eastern Asian. In order to achieve this objective, meteorological parameters, concentrations of PM₁₀ and its soluble species, and optical property of atmospheric scattering coefficients were measured continuously with 1 h time-resolved from 11 February to 7 April 2004 in Taipei Basin (25°00′N, 121°32′E). In this work, the dramatic changes of meteorological parameters such as temperature and winds were used to determine the influenced period of each air mass. Continental, strong continental, marine, and stagnant air masses defined by the back-trajectory analysis and local meteorology were further characterized as long-range transport pollution, dust, clean marine, and local pollution aerosols, respectively, according to the diagnostic ratios. The aerosol mass scattering efficiency of continental pollution, dust, clean marine, and local pollution aerosols were ranged from 1.3 to 1.6, 0.7 to 1.0, 1.4 and 1.4 to 2.3 m² g⁻¹, respectively. Overall, there are two distinct populations of aerosol mass scattering efficiencies, one for an aerosol chemical composition dominated by dust (<1.0 m² g⁻¹) and the other for an aerosol chemical composition dominated by anthropogenic pollutants (1.3–2.3 m² g⁻¹), which were similar to the previous measurements with high degree of temporal resolution.     

碱减量-印染混合废水的预处理研究

针对碱度大、COD高、组成复杂的碱减量-印染混合废水,采用高碱度下直接混凝再酸析相结合的方法进行预处理,取得理想效果.试验结果表明,在高碱度条件下先加入镁盐及少量高分子絮凝剂,可去除大部分可溶性及不溶性污染物;再通过降低pH的酸析法,能有效去除废水中的色度、浊度,大大降低COD.在MgSO4用量为800～1 500 mg/L,阴离子聚丙烯酰胺用量为2 mg/L,酸析pH小于3.0时,色度去除率达97%,COD去除率达92%,浊度去除率近100%.     

好氧颗粒污泥的特点及其研究进展

综述了好氧颗粒污泥的基本特征和微生物相、好氧颗粒污泥形成的主要影响因素及其颗粒化反应器等。好氧颗粒污泥是近几年发现的在好氧条件下自发形成的细胞自身固定化过程 ,是生物膜特殊的生长形式。颗粒污泥具有良好的沉降性能、较高的生物量和在高容积负荷条件下降解高浓度有机废水的良好生物活性。污泥颗粒化过程是一个多阶段的过程 ,取决于废水组成及其操作条件的选择。在气提式内循环间歇反应器 (internalcirculatesequencingbatchairliftreac tor ,ICSBAR )中易于培养出性能良好的好氧颗粒污泥。