基于新内点测试与Grid-SCAN的铀尾矿库监测定位算法

面向铀尾矿库放射性核素污染WSN监测中,由于监测环境制约,针对该条件下节点密度低、带状分布网络连通性差等问题,为保证一定定位精度,提出一种新的定位算法。新内点测试利用RSSI值与海伦公式判断是否在三角形内外,无需未知节点周围其他节点信息,并采用Grid-SCAN寻找概率模型选取点,使该算法满足低密度条件的定位并减少其计算量。约束范围内计算网格内各点RSSI值的概率,并以最大概率坐标为定位结果。经过仿真,新算法较APIT算法在定位精度上提高了55%~69%。     

亚热带茶园土壤酸度特征研究——以福建省武夷山市为例

调查测试福建省武夷山市60个茶园6个土类120个土层的土壤酸度指标,分析茶园土壤酸度特征,结果表明:福建省武夷山市茶园0~20cm土层土壤平均pH值为4.52,其中pH < 4.5的重度酸化土壤占总调查样本的55.00%;20~40cm土层土壤平均pH值为4.52,pH < 4.5占53.33%;茶园红壤、紫色土、粗骨土0~20cm、20~40cm土层土壤平均pH值均低于4.5,茶园土壤酸化严重.总体上茶园土壤中交换性Al³⁺的数量和相对比例随交换性酸总量增加而增大,交换性H⁺的相对比例则呈相反的变化特征,交换性Al³⁺占交换性酸的比例为76.67%~98.40%;茶园土壤pH值与交换性酸、H⁺和Al³⁺均呈极显著的负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.61、-0.46和-0.59.茶园土壤酸碱缓冲性能随着土壤pH值的降低呈现下降趋势;总体上茶园土壤pH值与盐基饱和度呈极显著正相关关系, 土壤pH值与盐基饱和度的正相关主要受到交换性Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺饱和度的制约.但不同土壤类型表现不一,体现了茶园土壤酸度的复杂性、多样性.     

气候变化对土壤微生物多样性及其功能的影响

以同时模拟未来大气CO₂浓度和温度升高的田间开放式气候变化平台为依托,研究CO₂浓度升高（CE）、升温（WA）以及两者同时升高（CW）对麦田土壤基础呼吸和微生物丰度、群落结构的影响.结果表明：CE对土壤基础呼吸没有影响,但是WA显著提高了土壤基础呼吸,在抽穗和成熟期分别增加了51.6%和38.5%.在分蘖期,土壤细菌和真菌丰度没有显著变化;而在抽穗和成熟期,CW和WA处理显著降低了真菌丰度,降低幅度分别达到32.1%~50.2%和32.0%~37.4%.通过对T-RFLP数据分析发现,CE、CW和WA处理对麦田土壤真菌和细菌群落结构没有显著影响,但是在一定程度上改变了古菌群落结构.与对照相比,CE处理真菌多样性提高了7.1%~8.2%,CW和WA处理真菌多样性分别降低了5.3%~13.5%和22.1%~33.6%;在分蘖和抽穗期,CE、CW和WA处理土壤细菌多样性比对照显著提高.     

HCHs and DDTs in Yellow River of Henan section—a typical agricultural area in China: levels,distributions and risks

The levels, potential sources and ecological risks of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) in Yellow River of Henan section, a typical agricultural area in China, were investigated. Surface water samples and suspended particulate matters (SPMs) were collected from 23 sites during two seasons. In wet season, the residues of ∑HCHs (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH and δ-HCH) and ∑DDTs (p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD) ranged from 41.7 to 290 and 4.42 to 269 ng/L in surface water, while those varied from 0.86 to 157 and 1.79 to 96.1 ng/g dw in SPM, respectively. Moreover, in surface water, the levels of HCHs and DDTs in wet season were much higher than those in dry season. The reverse was true for residues of HCHs and DDTs in SPM. Compared with the large rivers in other regions, the levels of HCHs and DDTs in the studied area ranked at high levels and the residual concentrations might cause adverse biological risk, especially for ∑HCHs during wet season. Distributions of HCHs and DDTs delineated that the input of tributaries made a significant effect on the residue of HCHs and DDTs in the mainstream. ∑HCHs in surface water were consist of 26.7 % α-HCH, 30.0 % β-HCH, 37.9 % γ-HCH and 5.45 % δ-HCH and those in SPM contained 5.16 % α-HCH, 22.1 % β-HCH, 60.5 % γ-HCH and 12.2 % δ-HCH on average. Combined with ratios of α-HCH/γ-HCH in surface water (0.70) and in SPM (0.09), the results strongly indicated that lindane was recently used or discharged in the studied area. The mean percentage of DDTs′ isomers were 28.7 % p,p′-DDT, 29.8 % o,p′-DDT, 28.1 % p,p′-DDE and 13.4 % p,p′-DDD in surface water, while those were 12.5 % p,p′-DDT, 31.8 % o,p′-DDT, 30.5 % p,p′-DDE and 25.1 % p,p′-DDD in SPM. The ratios of (DDE + DDD)/∑DDTs and o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT revealed that the DDTs in the studied area mainly derived from long-term weathering of technical DDTs residue and the input of dicofol.     

Sequence of the main geochemical controls on the Cu and Zn fractions in the Yangtze River estuarine sediments

Metal speciation can provide sufficient information for environmental and geochemical researches. In this study, based on the speciation determination of Cu and Zn in the Yangtze Estuary sediments, roles of eight geochemical controls (i.e., total organic carbon (TOC), clay, Fe/Mn in five chemical fractions and salinity) are fully investigated and sequenced with correlation analysis (CA) and principal components analysis (PCA). Results show that TOC, clay and Fe/Mn oxides are key geochemical factors affecting the chemical speciation distributions of Cu and Zn in sediments, while the role of salinity appears to be more indirect effect. The influencing sequence generally follows the order: TOC>clay>Mn oxides>Fe oxides>salinity. Among the different fractions of Fe/Mn oxides, residual and total Fe content, and exchangeable and carbonate Mn exert the greatest influences, while exchangeable Fe and residual Mn show the poorest influences.     

Biologic risk and source diagnose of 16 PAHs from Haihe River Basin,China

Surface sediments of rivers can exhibit spatial and temporal variations in contaminant concentrations that may significantly affect risk evaluations. As to pollution control and remediation of watershed, large-scale and further background data on PAHs in China were required urgently. Spatial distribution and compositional characteristics of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments from Haihe River Basin were investigated. A method based on effects range (ER) was used to assess ecosystem risk of ∑PAHs (the total of 16 PAH) sensitively and accurately. The results indicated that ∑PAHs content levels ranged from 257 to 16901 μg·kg⁻¹ dry weight. The lower rings predominated in the samples, and 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-ring PAHs accounted for 12%, 21%, 30%, 30%, and 7% respectively in total PAHs. The ratio of Fl / (Fl+ Py) uniformly distributed in the interval 0.20–0.80, indicating that it may be affected by petroleum origin, oil combustion, biomass and coal combustion jointly. ∑PAHs in Cetian (S6), Dongwushi (S19), Handan (S20), Aixinzhuang (S21) and Tianjin (S37) exceeded effects range low (ERL), in which biologic effects were in a medium level with an adverse effect on biologic organisms. Thus, it is necessary to strengthen the PAHs monitoring and research of the Haihe River Basin.     

Multiphase redistribution differences of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between two successive sediment suspensions

Successive sediment suspensions often happen in estuary, yet little research has probed into the difference in the release behaviors of organic compounds among different suspensions. This study took polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as typical organic contaminants and investigated the release behaviors between two successive suspensions with a particle entrainment simulator (PES). Results showed that successive sediment suspensions lowered the concentration of dissolved PAHs in the overlying water via facilitating the re-adsorption of dissolved PAHs onto the suspended particles. Fast-release and slow-release periods of PAHs were successively observed in the both suspensions. The concentration changes of dissolved PAHs in the second suspension were generally similar with but hysteretic to those in the first suspension. More vigorous desorption and re-absorption of PAHs were induced in the second suspension. Successive sediment suspensions obviously decreased the concentrations of mineral composition and organic matters in the overlying water, which significantly affects multiphase distribution of PAHs.     

Mechanisms behind the accelerated extracellular electron transfer in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Geobacter sulfurreducens</Emphasis> DL-1 by modifying gold electrode with self-assembled monolayers

Modification of electrode surface with carboxylic acid terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) has been found to be an effective approach to improve the extracellular electron transfer (EET) of electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) on electrode surface, but the underlying mechanism behind such enhanced EET remains unclear. In this work, the gold electrodes modified by mercapto-acetic acid and mercaptoethylamine (Au-COOH, Au-NH₂) were used as anodes in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) inoculated with Geobacter sulfurreducens DL-1, and their electrochemical performance and the bacteria-electrode interactions were investigated. Results showed that the Fe(CN) ₆ ^3–/4– redox reaction occurred on the Au-NH₂ with a higher rate and a lower resistance than that on the Au or the Au-COOH. Both the MECs with the Au-COOH and Au-NH₂ anodes exhibited a higher current density than that with a bare Au anode. The biofilm formed on the Au-COOH was denser than that on bare Au, while the biofilm on the Au-NH₂ had a greater thickness, suggesting a critical role of direct EET in this system. This work suggests that functional groups such as–COOH and-NH₂ could promote electrode performance by accelerating the direct EET of EAB on electrode surface.     

电视、中波发射塔对电磁辐射环境的影响

通过对包头市城区历年的电磁环境监测,以及电视和中波发射塔周围电磁辐射情况,了解其环境质量状况和主要污染源。历年环境监测综合场强为0.30~0.47 V/m,年平均值为0.41 V/m。而广播和电视发射塔因距离而异,它们综合场强均值分别为1.26~3.43 V/m、1.44~5.34 V/m。虽然这些监测值都在标准限值之内,但可以看出广播和电视发射塔对电磁辐射综合场强的影响极大。     

组合灰色预测模型应用于山东省碳排放预测

根据山东省2000—2012年工业、建筑业和交通运输业能源消费数据测算得到碳排放量,基于GM(1,1)模型、Verhulst模型和SCGM(1,1)c模型建立组合灰色预测模型,运用预测有效度方法确定组合预测模型的权重系数。选用2000—2009年三大碳排放行业的实际值作为原始数据,利用各预测模型预测2010—2012年碳排放量。结果表明:组合灰色预测模型比单一预测模型具有更高的预测精度。利用组合模型预测山东省2013—2017年各行业碳排放量,为相关部门制定节能减排政策提供理论及方法借鉴。