Identifying water resources management strategies in adaptation to climate change under uncertainty

In this study, an integrated simulation-based allocation modeling system (ISAMS) is developed for identifying water resources management strategies in response to climate change. The ISAMS incorporates global climate models (GCMs), a semi-distributed land use-based runoff process (SLURP) model, and a multistage interval-stochastic programming (MISP) approach within a general framework. The ISAMS can not only handle uncertainties expressed as probability distributions and interval values but also reveal climate change impacts on water resources allocation under different projections of GCMs. The ISAMS is then applied to the Kaidu-kongque watershed with cold arid characteristics in the Tarim River Basin (the largest inland watershed basin in China) for demonstrating its efficiency. Results reveal that different climate change models corresponding to various projections (e.g., precipitation and temperature) would lead to changed water resources allocation patterns. Variations in water availability and demand due to uncertainties could result in different water allocation targets and shortages. A variety of decision alternatives about water allocations adaptive to climate change are generated under combinations of different global climate models and ecological water release plans. These findings indicate that understanding the uncertainties in water resources system, building adaptive methods for generating sustainable water allocation patterns, and taking actions for mitigating water shortage problems are key adaptation strategies responding to climate change.     

Co-fermentation of waste activated sludge with food waste for short-chain fatty acids production: effect of pH at ambient temperature

Effect of pH ranging from 4.0 to 11.0 on cofermentation of waste activated sludge (WAS) with food waste for short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production at ambient temperature was investigated in this study. Experimental results showed that the addition of food waste significantly improved the performance of WAS fermentation system, which resulted in the increases of SCFAs production and substrate reduction. The SCFAs production at pH 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, and 9.0 and fermentation time of 4 d was respectively 5022.7, 6540.5, 8236.6, and 7911.7 mg COD·L⁻¹, whereas in the blank tests (no pH adjustment, pH 8.0 (blank test 1), no food waste addition, pH 8.0 (blank test 2), and no WAS addition (blank test 3)) it was only 1006.9, 971.1, and 1468.5 mg COD·L⁻¹, respectively. The composition of SCFAs at pH from 6.0 to 9.0 was also different from other conditions and propionic acid was the most prevalent SCFA, which was followed by acetic and n-butyric acids, while acetic acid was the top product under other conditions. At pH 8.0 a higher volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction of 16.6% for the mixture of WAS and food waste than the sole WAS indicated a synergistic effect existing in fermentation system with WAS and food waste. The influence of pH on the variations of nutrient content was also studied during anaerobic fermentation of the mixture of WAS and food waste at different pH conditions. The release of NH₄⁺-N increased with fermentation time at all pH values investigated except 4.0, 5.0 and in blank test one. The concentrations of soluble phosphorus at acidic pHs and in the blank test one were higher than those obtained at alkaline pHs. Ammonia and phosphorus need to be removed before the SCFAs-enriched fermentation liquid from WAS and food waste was used as the carbon source.     

核级高效空气过滤器的结构与阻力关系探讨

探讨了核级高效空气过滤器的结构形式与过滤阻力之间的关系.分别采用进口的和国产的过滤材料,制作了一批不同褶间距(2.5～8.2mm)、褶深(33～275 mm)和褶形状的高效空气过滤器,并对其过滤阻力进行了测试,研究了高效空气过滤器的结构与阻力之间的关系.实验结果表明,对于进口过滤材料.当褶深为33 mm、52 mm和73 mm时,过滤阻力最低时相应的褶间距分别为2.7 mm、3.4 mm和4.0 mm;对于国产过滤材料,当褶深为33 mm、52 mm、73 mm、105 mm和245 mm时,过滤阻力最低时,相应的褶间距分别为2.5 mm,3.1 mm、3.7 mm、4.8 mm和5.4 mm.因此,不同的过滤材料.应该有不同的过滤器最佳结构参数.此外,V形过滤材料褶过滤器比矩形过滤材料褶过滤器的阻力低.     

脱硫石膏综合利用现状及其抹面材料的研制

概述了目前有关脱硫石膏性能及其利用的研究现状，研究开发了建筑用脱硫石膏抹面材料，此种材料经性能检测，其抗压强度、抗折强度分别达到4．5MPa、17．5MPa，且粘结性能优良，为脱硫石膏的再生利用提供了另外一条有效的途径。     

阳澄湖水源地健康风险评价及污染源分析

介绍饮用水水源受到重金属污染所致的健康危害的风险度计算模型,并应用于阳澄湖水源地饮水途径健康风险评价。在此基础上,选择阳澄西湖的下湖湾为研究对象,又进一步进行水源地重金属的来源分析,分别计算出重金属污染物经由河流汇入、底泥释放和大气沉降进入湖体的总量。结果表明：（1）基因毒物质镉所致健康风险为9．14E-06a^-1,并且远大于躯体毒物质所致的健康风险;（2）湖区工业是阳澄湖重金属的最大来源;（3）底泥释放也是一个重要的重金属输入方式。     

大蒜加工废水的活性污泥培养驯化研究

试验选用生活污水处理厂、化肥厂、友谊河的活性污泥作为菌种进行培养实验,培养过程中,考查温度、营养物质的添加等因素对污泥培养的影响,结果证明,大蒜废水本身有机物和其他无机物之间的比例还是比较协调的,营养物质米泔水的添加对大蒜加工废水COD的降解帮助不大.然而,温度对大蒜加工废水活性污泥的培育影响显著,从整体上看,随着温度的升高,COD去除率也增加.实验还显示经过培养,当水温为15℃时,系统的沉降性能变差,出水未沉降絮体增多,并出现污泥膨胀现象,综合考虑,确定25℃为最佳培养温度.     

天然气净化厂冷却塔风机驱动方式改造简论

文章介绍长庆油田第一天然气净化厂冷却塔风机驱动设备的改造情况。分析了长庆油田第一天然气净化厂冷却塔电机驱动方式存在的不足和原因,提出了改进对策和实施方案,论述了水轮机驱动方式改造工程在经济、节能降耗、环保、安全、高效等方面的优点,值得在油气田生产应用中推广。     

重金属废水的生物吸附研究进展

生物吸附处理重金属废水是目前国内外研究较多的一种处理重金属废水的方法.本文综述了目前生物吸附重金属的理论研究成果,其中包括生物吸附原料、吸附机理、平衡吸附模式和一些影响因素,提出了生物吸附应用前景和研究重点.     

环境保护税对企业绩效的影响研究：基于税额标准的提高

2018年中国正式开征环境保护税,这是我国首个以环境保护为直接政策目标的税种。环境保护税由排污费改革而来,有一半以上省份直接平移排污费收费标准,其他省份提高了税额标准。本文以2016—2019年中国上市公司季度数据为研究样本,利用PSM-DID方法评估了环境保护税税额标准提高对企业绩效的短期经济影响。实证结果表明,在短期内环境保护税税额标准提高并不会对企业绩效产生显著的影响,这一结论在进行三重差分、更换指标和数据等稳健性检验之后仍然成立。此外,本文发现在制度环境较好的东部地区,环境保护税对企业绩效的短期抑制作用更为显著,税额标准提高降低了企业的净资产收益率和总资产报酬率,显示出制度环境对环境保护税具有加强效应,从而促使企业有更好的环境表现。对此,本文提出应持续优化环境保护税制度,提高征管能力和水平,调高部分地区环境保护税税额标准,改进中西部地区制度环境等建议。     

城市污染河道沉积物AVS与重金属生物毒性研究

采集珠江三角洲典型城市污染河道佛山水道表层沉积物和上覆水样品,测定了沉积物AVS,Eh,SEM_Pb,SEM_Cd,SEM_Cu,SEM_Zn,SEM_Ni,SEM_Cr,及上覆水Eh,DO.同步进行了底栖动物调查,结合调查结果分析了城市污染河道沉积物AVS与重金属生物毒性的关系.主要研究SEM-AVS判据在判断城市重污染河道重金属生物有效性方面的作用.所测AVS最大值为69.579 μmol/g,最小值为0.339 μmol/g,均值为20.283 μmol/g;各采样站位∑SEM₅（SEM_Pb,SEM_Cd,SEM_Cu,SEM_Zn,SEM_Ni之和）最大值为23.067 μmol/g,最小值为1.062 μmol/g;底栖动物种类和数量均较少,且基本为耐污种,优势种为水丝蚓.13个采样站位中,∑SEM₅-AVS<0的有9个,MDS分析结果显示：这9个站位中的7个底栖动物群落结构相似程度高.这表明重污染河道沉积物重金属的生物毒性与SEM-AVS的值关系密切,SEM-AVS判据在判断重污染区域重金属的生物毒性方面具有较大作用;同时说明重污染河流重金属生物毒性比较复杂,不能完全由SEM-AVS解释.