不同浓度蓝藻水华在好氧条件下的光合作用

为研究不同浓度蓝藻水华在曝气形成的好氧条件下的光合作用,本文按叶绿素a（Chla）浓度32.5,346.8,1413.7和14250.0μg/L设4个处理组（从低到高编号依次为I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和IV）进行实验.结果表明,各处理Chla浓度均总体呈下降趋势,但均未出现发黑或发褐现象;各处理溶氧、pH值、NH₄⁺-N浓度和最大光合作用能力F_v/F_m均有一定差异（P<0.05）.快速光响应曲线的特征参数α、ETR_max和I_k表明,处理I、Ⅱ和Ⅲ中出现较高的绿藻、硅/甲藻的光能利用效率（P<0.05）,而处理IV中所有藻类的光能利用效率较低（P<0.05）.曝气增氧可以防止高浓度蓝藻水华形成黑水团;蓝藻水华初始Chla浓度约为32.5、346.8、1413.7μg/L时,在曝气形成的好氧条件下,蓝藻水华中会出现其它藻类如绿藻、硅/甲藻的生长,即藻类群落结构朝着多样化变化,对蓝藻水华形成控制.     

Application of interface material and effects of oxygen gradient on the performance of single-chamber sediment microbial fuel cells (SSMFCs)

Single-chamber sediment microbial fuel cells(SSMFCs) have received considerable attention nowadays because of their unique dual-functionality of power generation and enhancement of wastewater treatment performance. Thus, scaling up or upgrading SSMFCs for enhanced and efficient performance is a highly crucial task. Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, an innovative physical technique of using interface layers with four different pore sizes embedded in the middle of SSMFCs was utilized in this study.Experimental results showed that the performance of SSMFCs employing an interface layer was improved regardless of the pore size of the interface material, compared to those without such layers. The use of an interface layer resulted in a positive and significant effect on the performance of SSMFCs because of the effective prevention of oxygen diffusion from the cathode to the anode. Nevertheless, when a smaller pore size interface was utilized, better power performance and COD degradation were observed. A maximum power density of 0.032 mW/m~2 and COD degradation of 47.3% were obtained in the case of an interface pore size of 0.28 μm. The findings in this study are of significance to promote the future practical application of SSMFCs in wastewater treatment plants.     

炼油污水回用技术试验研究

本文中提出一个经济合理的炼油污水回用处理工艺“浮选-生物过滤-臭氧催化氧化-高效过滤”,对某炼油厂污水处理场出水进行了中试处理试验,结果表明,各项指标完全满足循环水厂补充水的水质要求,且该处理工艺具有很好的经济和社会效益.     

Spatial heterogeneity influences native and nonnative plant species richness

Spatial heterogeneity may have differential effects on the distribution of native and nonnative plant species richness. We examined the effects of spatial heterogeneity on native and nonnative plant species richness distributions in the central part of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. Spatial heterogeneity around vegetation plots was characterized using landscape metrics, environmental/topographic variables (slope, aspect, elevation, and distance from stream or river), and soil variables (nitrogen, clay, and sand). The landscape metrics represented five components of landscape heterogeneity and were measured at four spatial extents (within varying radii of 120, 240, 480, and 960 m) using the FRAGSTATS landscape pattern analysis program. Akaike's Information Criterion adjusted for small sample size (AICc) was used to select the best models from a set of multiple linear regression models developed for native and nonnative plant species richness at four spatial extents and three levels of ecological hierarchy (i.e., landscape, land cover, and community). Both native and nonnative plant species richness were positively correlated with edge density, Simpson's diversity index and interspersion/juxtaposition index, and were negatively correlated with mean patch size. The amount of variation explained at four spatial extents and three hierarchical levels ranged from 30% to 70%. At the landscape level, the best models explained 43% of the variation in native plant species richness and 70% of the variation in nonnative plant species richness (240-m extent). In general, the amount of variation explained was always higher for nonnative plant species richness, and the inclusion of landscape metrics always significantly improved the models. The best models explained 66% of the variation in nonnative plant species richness for both the conifer land cover type and lodgepole pine community. The relative influence of the components of spatial heterogeneity differed for native and nonnative plant species richness and varied with the spatial extent of analysis and levels of ecological hierarchy. The study offers an approach to quantify spatial heterogeneity to improve models of plant biodiversity. The results demonstrate that ecologists must recognize the importance of spatial heterogeneity in managing native and nonnative plant species.     

岩体爆破破坏效应颗粒流数值模拟验证研究

采用颗粒流方法对岩体爆炸破岩过程进行数值模拟,将集中药包作用下的爆炸球面波等效为三角形波脉冲,根据颗粒离散元原理建立了点膨胀加载法和动边界处理法,结合动三轴试验标定的细观力学参数,建立了颗粒离散元爆炸应力波传播分析模型。利用数值模拟进行了爆破破岩机理分析,探讨了不同埋深、炸点膨胀比、炮孔压力对爆破效果的影响,给出了数值模拟时合适的炸点膨胀比与峰值压力取值范围,并根据爆破工程实践对爆破漏斗效应、微差爆破效应进行了验证。研究方法简单可靠,可反映岩体爆炸应力波传播规律,动态表征岩体的破坏过程,有助于进一步加深对工程爆破效应的认识。     

基于"成本-能力-能效"的长江经济带城市韧性评估

通过构建城市韧性"成本-能力-能效"的评估模型,综合运用熵值法、主成分分析法、SBM模型、探索性空间数据分析和K-means聚类方法,对长江经济带126个城市的韧性进行综合定量评估,归纳总结城市韧性模式和聚类特征,并运用GWR模型分析影响韧性能力的成本因素,探究韧性效率的驱动机制.研究表明:(1)分维度来看,核心城市呈现韧性成本和韧性能力的"双高",韧性效率则由非核心城市引领.从均衡的角度来看,韧性成本、韧性能效具有明显的水平层级性,而韧性能力在城市间的分野相对不大.(2)综合来看,韧性成本和韧性能力随城市规模的扩张而逐渐增加,而韧性效率逐渐衰减;韧性模式具有明显的上中下游区际差异性:上游地区表现为"低耗低能高效",中游地区"低耗低能中效",下游地区为"高耗高能低效";韧性的空间联系兼有核心城市垂直极化和一般城市扁平抱团.(3)从机制看,全社会用电量、建成区面积和科技支出是影响城市韧性能力的主要成本因素,不同韧性模式的城市具有差异化的主控因素.研究对于完善城市韧性评价体系、丰富城市韧性评估视角和推动城市韧性建设具有重要的现实意义.     

Interactive mechanism of working environments and construction behaviors with cognitive work analysis: an elevator installation case study

Unsafe behavior is a leading factor in accidents, and the working environment significantly affects behaviors. However, few studies have focused on detailed mechanisms for addressing unsafe behaviors resulting from environmental constraints. This study aims to delineate these mechanisms using cognitive work analysis (CWA) for an elevator installation case study. Elevator installation was selected for study because it involves operations at heights: falls from heights remain a major cause of construction worker mortality. This study adopts a mixed research approach based on three research methodology stages. This research deconstructs the details of the working environment, the workers’ decision-making processes, the strategies chosen given environmental conditions and the conceptual model for workers’ behaviors, which jointly depict environment–behavior mechanisms at length. By applying CWA to the construction industry, environmental constraints can easily be identified, and targeted engineering suggestions can be generated.     

纳米TiO2光催化氧化异丙醇和丙酮反应的研究

分别研究了纳米TiO2 在主波长为 364nm的汞灯光照下催化氧化i C3H7OH和CH3COCH3水溶液的反应速率 .通过XRD ,TEM ,BET和FT IR PAS对催化剂进行表征 ,粉末的晶型主要为锐钛矿型 .平均粒径在 1 5nm左右 ,比表面积为 1 0 1 0± 0 2m2 ·g- 1 ,FT IR PAS的检测结果表明 ,CH3COCH3是i C3H7OH光催化氧化的中间产物 ,其光催化氧化反应为 :i C3H7OH [O]CH3COCH3[O]CH3COOH[O]…[O]CO2 H2 O     

山地林火特征与扑救的若干问题

根据火灾科学、流体力学、气象学和地理科学中的一些基本理论以及实际火场经验,分析了山地条件下：（１）坡度对火行为的直接影响;（２）简单地形中局地风特征和火行为特征;（３）典型山地地形—流系地形中的局地风和林火行为特征,提出了扑救山地林火应注意的若干问题