Spatial variability of nitrous oxide and methane emissions from an MBT landfill in operation: Strong N2O hotspots at the working face

Mechanical biological treatment (MBT) is an effective technique, which removes organic carbon from municipal solid waste (MSW) prior to deposition. Thereby, methane (CH₄) production in the landfill is strongly mitigated. However, direct measurements of greenhouse gas emissions from full-scale MBT landfills have not been conducted so far. Thus, CH₄ and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from a German MBT landfill in operation as well as their concentrations in the landfill gas (LFG) were measured. High N₂O emissions of 20–200 g CO₂ eq. m^?2 h^?1 magnitude (up to 428 mg N m^?2 h^?1) were observed within 20 m of the working face. CH₄ emissions were highest at the landfill zone located at a distance of 30–40 m from the working face, where they reached about 10 g CO₂ eq. m^?2 h^?1. The MBT material in this area has been deposited several weeks earlier. Maximum LFG concentration for N₂O was 24.000 ppmv in material below the emission hotspot. At a depth of 50 cm from the landfill surface a strong negative correlation between N₂O and CH₄ concentrations was observed. From this and from the distribution pattern of extractable ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate it has been concluded that strong N₂O production is associated with nitrification activity and the occurrence of nitrite and nitrate, which is initiated by oxygen input during waste deposition. Therefore, CH₄ mitigation measures, which often employ aeration, could result in a net increase of GHG emissions due to increased N₂O emissions, especially at MBT landfills.     

Homology modeling of anti-parathion antibody and its interaction with organophosphorous pesticides and analogues

The mechanism of specific recognition in pesticide immunochemistry was investigated by computer-based strategy, and a rapid method for the identification of antibody specificity was developed. Based on the previously produced anti-parathion monoclonal antibody (mAb), the DNA sequence was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). From the translated amino acid sequences, a three-dimensional structure of the antibody was constructed by homology modeling method, and then it was coordinated by 1 ns molecular dynamics under the explicit solvent condition. The stereochemical property and folding quality were further assessed by Procheck and Profile-3D. The self-compatibility score for the antibody model was 98.7, which was greater than the low score 46.2 and close to the top score 102.6. In addition, parathion and several structural analogues were docked to the constructed antibody structure. The docking results showed that the interaction energy (-40.54 kcal/mol) of antibody-parathion complex was the lowest among all the tested pesticides, which accounted for the high specificity of the antibody to parathion and perfectly matched with the experimental data. Moreover, three residues, Phe165, Asp107 and Thr100 were recognized as the most important residues for antibody reacting with parathion. The interaction energy negatively correlated with the antibody specificity.     

垂直流人工湿地水力学特点对污水净化效果的影响

通过在污水中加入示踪剂,研究了人工湿地的水力学特点及其对污水净化效果的影响规律.结果表明,影响水力学各特点的主要原因是湿地植物根系所造成的物理学和生物学上的效应.水力学各特点与污水净化效果之间存在着密切关系:出水快、出水量大的系统具有较好的净化效果;除无植物系统外,停留时间较长的系统有较好的净化效果;容水体积大的系统净化效果也较好;水力负荷则主要通过影响其他各水力学特点而影响净化效果.结果表明,对水力学特点的优化将极大地促进污水净化效果的提高.     

中庭火灾烟流相似模型

将燃烧着的火焰视为具有一定发热量的热源、不计辐射传热的影响 ,建立中庭火灾烟气流动控制微分方程组 ,并导出模型实验相似准则 ;提出模型与原型局部相似的模型律 ;忽略围护结构热相似 ,建立 1/ 8模型试验台 ;开展中庭火灾烟流填充过程模型实验 ,模型实验与原型实验结果吻合。研究表明 :理论模型律是合理的 ,采用小比例的相似模型实验 ,研究中庭火灾烟流的发展是可行的     

Study in performance analysis of China Urban Emergency Response System based on Petri net

Urban Emergency Response System (UERS) is a modernization symbol of a city. With acceleration of urbanization process and constant expansion of city size in China, China cities must respond to various emergencies timely and effectively to satisfy urban residents’ needs for public security. In recent years, many China cities made trials and efforts in setting up and improving the UERS. At the same time, the China government began to build Emergency Response Systems (ERS) in some cities to deal with various possible emergencies. In this paper, using Petri net (PN), we study the performance of China typical UERS and establish its PN model for performance analysis. Based on the Markov chain (MC) of the model, the performance of China typical UERS is analyzed. Results from our simulation are in conformity with practical operation of China current UERS.     

Lipophilic organic pollutants induce changes in phospholipid and membrane protein composition leading to Vero cell morphological change

Membrane damage related to morphological change in Vero cells is a sensitive index of the composite biotoxicity of trace lipophilic chemicals. However, judging whether the morphological change in Vero cells happens and its ratio are difficult because it is not a quantitative characteristic. To find biomarkers of cell morphological change for quantitatively representing the ratio of morphological changed cell, the mechanism of cell membrane damage driven by typical lipophilic chemicals, such as trichlorophenol (TCP) and perfluorooctanesulphonate (PFOS), was explored. The ratio of morphologically changed cells generally increased with increased TCP or PFOS concentrations, and the level of four major components of phospholipids varied with concentrations of TCP or PFOS, but only the ratio of phosphatidylcholine (PC)/phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) decreased regularly as TCP or PFOS concentrations increased. Analysis of membrane proteins showed that the level of vimentin in normal cell membranes is high, while it decreases or vanishes after TCP exposure. These variations in phospholipid and membrane protein components may result in membrane leakage and variation in rigid structure, which leads to changes in cell morphology. Therefore, the ratio of PC/PE and amount of vimentin may be potential biomarkers for representing the ratio of morphological changed Vero cell introduced by trace lipophilic compounds, thus their composite bio-toxicity.     

适应信息化发展要求,努力实现PPE标准制修订科学化和正规化管理——PPE标准化技术委员会标准全程控制系统介绍

PPE标准化技术委员会标准全程控制系统是基于互联网的PPE信息管理系统平台。该系统采用便捷的B/S架构,利用先进的计算机信息技术,将标准制修订的全过程集成到一个系统中,使标准的制修订流程实现了全程自动化管理,极大地方便了标准制修订各个环节的工作,提高了PPE标准化工作的管理水平,促进了整个行业信息化的发展,确保了国家标准计划按期高水平的完成。     

Evaluation of Locations for Small Wind Turbines in Costal Urban Areas Based on a Wind Energy Potential Map

The purpose of the study was to evaluate potential locations for the installation of small wind turbines in urban areas. Four study sites in An-Ping, Tainan were chosen for measurement in this empirical study. The measurement data were used to verify the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The weather information was gathered in order to understand the overall wind environment in the studied area. CFD software was used to simulate the wind environment in the study area from 16 directions. The distribution of wind environment was first presented, and then the distribution of exceedance probability in each grid, which was based on an exceedance probability assessment, was obtained. In addition to the installation heights of the turbines, the influence of surrounding buildings was taken into consideration. Finally, a wind energy potential map indicating the potential regions and non-potential regions for installing small wind turbines was illustrated by the ArcGIS system. A wind energy potential map, superimposed with locations of buildings of different floor heights, was used to evaluate the possible sites for the installment of small wind turbines at heights of 10, 20, and 30 m. The results proved that installing micro wind turbines in open spaces and on the roofs of three-, four-, and five-story buildings at a height of 20 m is relatively beneficial for coastal urban areas.     

Degradation of Ni–EDTA complex by Fenton reaction and ultrasonic treatment for the removal of Ni<Superscript>2+</Superscript> ions

It is difficult to meet the increasingly stringent environmental regulations by the application of conventional precipitation processes treating complex heavy metal wastewaters. We studied the potential of a new method for removing heavy metals from metal–EDTA wastewater by Fenton reaction followed by hydroxide precipitation. This process is referred to as Fenton reaction-hydroxide precipitation (FR-HP) process. This study investigated the use of FR-HP and ultrasonic/FR-HP processes for the removal of Ni(II) from Ni–EDTA wastewater. The results indicate that ultrasonic/FR-HP process is more effective for the removal of nickel ions than FR-HP process.     

水电建设区的生态环境监测与评价——以向家坝水电站为例

水电工程的建设对区域环境会产生不可逆转的重大扰动,生态环境监测与预警作为大型水电工程建设的重要环节,为工程区域环境问题分析与研究提供详实的数据支撑,对区域生态环境的修复至关重要。以向家坝水电站为例,分析水电工程建设对区域环境产生扰动的特点,结合产生扰动的各环境要素,构建工程施工区环境监测体系。收集、整理相关监测数据,采用环境因子综合评价法对监测的相关数据进行分析和评价,结合各种环境因子的现状以及变化过程、总结区域环境总体状况的变化规律及空间分布。结果表明：自2007年工程大规模动工以来,区域的生态脆弱度大幅度升高,2008年达到顶峰,自2009年起环境开始改善,保持优于2007、2008年的状况;最脆弱区域为主体工程和云天化生产区交接地区,低度脆弱区域为河流及工程量少的加工工程区域;工程扰动最大的区域、当地工业区及交通枢纽集中地带是建设区环境最脆弱的区域,工程建设、工业及交通是建设区的主要扰动因素