Activated carbon adsorption of quinolone antibiotics in water: Performance, mechanism, and modeling

The extensive use of antibiotics has led to their presence in the aquatic environment, and introduces potential impacts on human and ecological health. The capability of powdered activated carbon(PAC) to remove six frequently used quinolone(QN) antibiotics during water treatment was evaluated to improve drinking water safety. The kinetics of QN adsorption by PAC was best described by a pseudo second-order equation, and the adsorption capacity was well described by the Freundlich isotherm equation. Isotherms measured at different p H showed that hydrophobic interaction, electrostatic interaction,and π–π dispersion force were the main mechanisms for adsorption of QNs by PAC. A p H-dependent isotherm model based on the Freundlich equation was developed to predict the adsorption capacity of QNs by PAC at different p H values. This model had excellent prediction capabilities under different laboratory scenarios. Small relative standard derivations(RSDs), i.e., 0.59%–0.92% for ciprofloxacin and 0.09%–3.89% for enrofloxacin,were observed for equilibrium concentrations above the 0.3 mg/L level. The RSDs increased to 11.9% for ciprofloxacin and 32.1% for enrofloxacin at μg/L equilibrium levels, which is still acceptable. This model could be applied to predict the adsorption of other chemicals having different ionized forms.     

Drinking water treatment using a submerged internal-circulation membrane coagulation reactor coupled with permanganate oxidation

A submerged internal circulating membrane coagulation reactor(MCR) was used to treat surface water to produce drinking water. Polyaluminum chloride(PACl) was used as coagulant,and a hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) submerged hollow fiber microfiltration membrane was employed. The influences of trans-membrane pressure(TMP), zeta potential(ZP) of the suspended particles in raw water, and KMnO_4 dosing on water flux and the removal of turbidity and organic matter were systematically investigated. Continuous bench-scale experiments showed that the permeate quality of the MCR satisfied the requirement for a centralized water supply, according to the Standards for Drinking Water Quality of China(GB 5749-2006), as evaluated by turbidity(1 NTU) and total organic carbon(TOC)(5 mg/L)measurements. Besides water flux, the removal of turbidity, TOC and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in the raw water also increased with increasing TMP in the range of 0.01–0.05 MPa. High ZP induced by PACl, such as 5–9 mV, led to an increase in the number of fine and total particles in the MCR, and consequently caused serious membrane fouling and high permeate turbidity.However, the removal of TOC and DOC increased with increasing ZP. A slightly positive ZP, such as 1–2 mV, corresponding to charge neutralization coagulation, was favorable for membrane fouling control. Moreover, dosing with KMnO_4 could further improve the removal of turbidity and DOC, thereby mitigating membrane fouling. The results are helpful for the application of the MCR in producing drinking water and also beneficial to the research and application of other coagulation and membrane separation hybrid processes.     

萍乡蔬菜种植区土壤中重金属含量及潜在生态危害研究

为了解萍乡蔬菜种植区土壤环境质量和污染状况,采用综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对采样区土壤的环境质量进行了评价.结果表明,所有重金属的均值均未超过土壤环境质量标准中的二级标准,其单项污染指数依次为Hg>Ni>Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb>As>Cr,其中Cd、Hg、Pb、Ni含量均高于对应元素的江西省土壤重金属背景值,但土壤的综合污染指数和潜在生态危害指数都较低.总的来说,萍乡蔬菜种植区土壤环境质量处于清洁和安全范围内,生态风险较低.     

三江平原湿地保护面临的问题及可持续发展战略研究

湿地是地球上最重要的生态系统类型之一,湿地保护工作的重要性已受到社会各界的高度重视.三江平原作为中国面积最大的淡水沼泽湿地分布区,其湿地保护工作尤为重要.目前,三江湿地的保护工作面临持续破坏、永续保护与经济发展之间矛盾突出及保护工作与时俱进有待提高等方面的问题.需继续坚持湿地保护与恢复重建,并在立法保护湿地、湿地生态补偿和加强湿地保护队伍建设等方面开展工作,实现湿地资源利用的可持续发展.     

空间数据挖掘的应用技术

空间数据挖掘技术是数据挖掘技术与空间数据库技术的融合,在GIS遥感、图像数据库、医疗影像处理等领域具有广阔的应用前景。基于空间数据挖掘的特点,论述了其在GIS中的应用,指出了空间数据挖掘面临的问题,并阐述了空间数据挖掘的发展趋势。     

GB8965.1-2009《防护服装阻燃防护第一部分:阻燃服》新增项目的探讨

本文对GB8965.1-2009《防护服装阻燃防护第一部分:阻燃服》标准的特点、整体框架、新增项目的目的及内容进行具体阐述,并提出标准修订及实施的建议。     

苍耳子的化学成分

苍耳子(Fructus Xanthii)是常用中药,主要用于慢性鼻炎的治疗,有一定的毒性.为明确苍耳子产生生物活性的物质基础,通过溶剂萃取、正、反相反复硅胶柱色谱及MCI柱色谱等方法,对苍耳子80%甲醇提取物进行分离纯化,用质谱、核磁共振谱等方法进行结构鉴定.从正丁醇萃取物中分离鉴定7个化合物:阿魏酸(1)、咖啡酸(2)、绿原酸(3)、4-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸甲酯(4)、6,7-二甲基-1,4-二氢-2,3-喹喔啉二酮(5)、咖啡酸胆碱酯(6)和4′-O-二氢红花菜豆酸钠盐-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7).其中,化合物4~7为首次从该植物中分离得到.图1参10     

Distribution and health-risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils at a coking plant

Nineteen soil samples were collected in and around Songshan coking plant in Guangdong province of China and analyzed for eighteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total concentration of PAHs ranged from 2.36 to 1146.39 mg kg(-1) dry weight, varying significantly among the sampling sites, most individual PAHs were correlated with each other. A cluster analysis was performed to examine the correlation of PAH distribution, five groups were observed with sample types in the coking plant. 2-3 ring PAHs were predominant in group I and II, while 4-5 ring PAHs showed great abundance in group III, IV and V, which contributed to the distance from the emission sources in the coking plant and the behaviors of particle-bound and gaseous PAHs. The ratios of Flu?:?(Flu + Pyr), BaA?:?(BaA + Chr), InP?:?(InP + BgP) and Ant?:?(Ant + Phen) ratios were 0.51-0.87, 0.16-0.89, 0.47-0.68 and 0.03-0.60, respectively. The total index of all studied soils was > 6, indicating that the source of the PAHs in coking plant soils were from the pyrolysis processes. Health risk assessments were carried out by dermal PAH exposure data to quantify cancer risk. The resultant lifetime exposure levels due to TEQ(BaP) desorbed onto skin for workers ranged from 2.25 × 10(-7) to 7.86 × 10(-5) mg kg(-1) per day, and the estimated cancer risks were between 8.45 × 10(-6) and 2.94 × 10(-3), indicating that the dermal exposures of PAHs to coking workers might be acceptable in most soil sites.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular weight 302 in PM 2.5 at two industrial sites in South China

Daytime and nighttime PM(2.5) samples were collected between August 5 and 16, 2009 and between January 24 and February 4, 2010 in an industrial complex site (site A) and an electronic waste recycling site (site B) to determine the seasonal and diurnal variations of 19 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with molecular weight 302 (MW302) including four highly carcinogenic dibenzopyrene (DBP) isomers dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DBalP), dibenzo[a,e]pyrene (DBaeP), dibenzo[a,i]pyrene (DBaiP), and dibenzo[a,h]pyrene (DBahP). This is the first report on DBP isomers in air particles from South China. The total concentration of PAH MW302 isomers ranged from 1.65 to 3.60 ng m(-3) in summer and 3.82 to 9.81 ng m(-3) in winter. The strongest peaks in the chromatograms of the MW302 isomers were naphtha[2,1-a]pyrene (N21aP), dibenzo[j,l]fluoranthene (DBjlF), naphtha[1,2-b]fluoranthene (N12bF), naphtha[1,2-k]fluoranthene (N12kF) and dibenzo[a,e]fluoranthene (DBaeF), constituting 52.0 to 55.4% of the total MW302 isomers. All the MW302 isomers showed notable seasonal variations. Most of the MW302 isomers in site B showed distinctive diurnal variations with higher concentrations occurring in the night. Taking into account both concentration and potency equivalence factors (PEFs), the strongest carcinogen in the analyzed samples was DBaiP, and the ratios of sum carcinogenic potency of four highly carcinogenic DBP isomers to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was about 0.94 in winter to 1.89 in summer, indicating the importance of DBP isomers for the risk assessment. Health risk assessment indicated that on average, 1 in 100 000 residents in the two industrial sites may have an increased risk of cancer due to PAH exposure.