(N-[2-(2-氧-1-咪唑烷基)乙基]-N '-苯基脲(EDU)对环境臭氧胁迫下的水稻和小麦生长的影响

通过对作物定期喷施不同浓度(0、150、300和450 mg·L-1)的N-[2-(2-氧-1-咪唑烷基)乙基]-N'-苯基脲(ethy lenediurea,EDU)溶液,研究EDU对环境O3胁迫下水稻“粤晶丝苗2号”(Oryza sativa L.Yuejingsi 2)和小麦“北农9549”(Triticum a...     

Assessment of elemental distribution and trace element contamination in surficial wetland sediments, Southern Tibetan Plateau

In order to analyze and evaluate different trace metals on surface water of the Changjiang River, concentrations of dissolved trace metals (Cu, Ni, Fe, Co, Sc, Al, Zn, Pb, Cd, Se, As, Cr, and Hg), major elements(Ca and Mg), and nutrient(NO $_{3}^{-})$ were measured. Samples were taken at 76 positions along Changjiang River in flood and dry seasons during 2007?C2008. Spatial distributions identified two main large zones mainly influenced by mineral erosion (sites 1?C22) and anthropogenic action (sites 23?C76), respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to identify the variance distinguishing the origin of water. Four significant components were extracted by PCA, explaining 74.91% of total variable. Cu, Ni, Fe, Co, Sc, Al, Ca, and Mg were mainly associated with the weathering and erosion of various rocks and minerals, while an anthropogenic source was identified for Cd and As. Although erosion was one source of Pb and Zn, they were also input by atmospheric deposition and industrial pollutions. NO $_{3}^{-}$ and Se were mainly associated with agriculture activities. However, Hg and Cr showed different sources. CA confirmed and completed the results obtained by PCA, classifying the data into two large groups representing different areas. Group 1 referred to the upper reaches which represented samples mainly corresponding to natural background areas. Group 2 referred to the middle and lower reaches including samples under anthropogenic influence. Meanwhile, group 2 was subdivided into three new groups, representing agricultural, industrial, and various artificial pollution sources, respectively.     

Chemical composition of precipitation and its sources in Hangzhou, China

To understand the origin and chemical characteristics of precipitation in Hangzhou, rainwater samples were collected from June 2006 to May 2008. All samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, and major ions (NH??, Ca2?, Mg2?, Na?, K?, SO?2?, NO??, F?, and Cl?). Acidification of precipitation in Hangzhou was serious with volume-weighted mean pH value of 4.5, while frequency of acid rain was 95%. The calculated SO?2?/NO?? ratio in Hangzhou precipitation was 2.87, which indicated that the precipitation of Hangzhou belonged to sulfate-based acid rain. The results of acid neutralization analysis showed that not all the acidity in the precipitation of Hangzhou was neutralized by alkaline constituents. The results of sea salt contribution analysis showed that nearly all SO?2?, Ca2?, and Mg2? and 33.7% of K? were of non-sea origins, while all Na? and Cl? and 66.3% of K? originated from sea sources. The principal component analysis which was used to analyze the sources of various ions indicated that chemical compositions of precipitation in Hangzhou mainly came from terrestrial sources, factory emissions, fuel wood burning, and marine sources.     

堆肥过程中有机质和微生物群落的动态变化

利用3个容积约为50 L的平行生物反应装置研究堆肥过程中温度、湿度（水分含量）、pH值和有机质的动态变化情况。按照Van Soest方法根据有机质不同的溶解特性将其分为：溶于沸水的有机质H2O、溶于中性试剂的有机质SOLU、半纤维素（HEMI）、纤维素（CELL）和木质素（LIGN）。结果表明：反应装置内环境湿度调控在60%左右时,堆肥系统内借助生化反应,温度最高可达到约50℃。堆肥材料在反应初期呈现偏酸性（pH=6.5）,而随着反应的发生,pH逐渐变为中性或弱碱性（pH=7.4）。经过20 d的堆肥实验,有机质总量降解了约47%。在微生物作用下的各类有机质的降解率不同,按大小排序为H2O〉HEMI〉CELL〉SOLU〉LIGN,其降解率分别是85%、56%、36%、32%和27%。为了深入理解堆肥过程中有机质的降解机制,文章采用磷脂脂肪酸（PLFAs）技术对体系中的微生物群落变化进行了初步分析,发现微生物优势群落随反应温度的改变发生明显变化,在堆肥初期和堆肥中期,细菌占优势,而堆肥末期时真菌比例较高。在堆肥的过程中,革兰氏阴性菌的比例呈下降趋势,而革兰氏阳性菌的比例呈上升趋势。     

长期不同施肥方式对江南稻田系统生产力与抗逆性的影响

依据29 a的田间施肥小区试验和4 a的养分耗竭盆栽试验,比较分析了不同施肥方式对江南丘陵稻田生产力及抗逆性的综合影响。结果表明,有机无机肥配施(NPK+OM处理)方式下,双季稻各季和周年生产力最高,其周年平均生物量和籽粒产量比化肥氮磷钾配施(NPK处理)高24.5%和20.2%。与单施氮肥相比,化肥氮磷钾配施显著提高了双季稻的氮素利用效率,而适量增施有机氮能够进一步提高氮素利用效率。化肥单施方式(N和NPK处理)下水稻周年籽粒产量呈递减趋势,下降幅度分别为43.7和1.8 kg.hm-2.a-1,而有机无机肥配施方式下水稻周年籽粒产量呈递增趋势,上升幅度为6.9 kg.hm-2.a-1。平衡施肥方式(NPK和NPK+OM处理)下,水稻各季及周年籽粒产量的年际变异较小,可持续性产量指数和系统生产力稳定性较高。养分耗竭试验4 a后,各处理水稻各季及周年生物量和籽粒产量高低基本表现为NPK+OM>NPK>N,试验期内周年籽粒平均产量以有机无机肥配施处理最高,说明有机无机肥配施的稻田土壤耐瘠能力高于其他施肥处理。可见,有机无机肥配施不仅能使稻田系统持续保持较高的生产力,而且能够提升系统的抗逆性,有利于江南丘陵稻田系...     

基于耗散结构理论的驾驶中人因失误分析研究

通过对耗散结构理论的分析,建立了驾驶系统的耗散结构动态模型。基于此模型,从负熵流、扰动、非线性机制以及系统的初始稳定值几个方面对驾驶中人因失误出现的原因进行了分析。文章将耗散结构理论作为分析人因失误的工具,为研究驾驶中的人因失误提供了一种新的视角。     

玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸危险性研究

为研究玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸危险性,采用哈特曼管式爆炸测试装置和20 L球爆炸测试装置对200目(<75μm)以下的玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸危险性进行评估,基于静电火花和粉尘质量浓度对粉尘爆炸的影响,对玉米淀粉的静电火花最小点火能量、爆炸下限质量浓度、最大爆炸压力和爆炸指数进行了研究,根据试验结果对玉米淀粉爆炸危险性进行分级。试验结果表明:温度在25℃,喷粉压力为0.80 MPa,粉尘质量浓度在250～750 g/m3范围内,粉尘的最小点火能量随着粉尘质量浓度增加而降低,其最小点火能量在40～80 mJ之间;在点火能量为10 kJ时,粉尘爆炸下限质量浓度在50～60 g/m3之间;在粉尘质量浓度为750 g/m3时,爆炸压力达到最大,为0.66 MPa;在粉尘质量浓度为500 g/m3时,爆炸指数达到最大,为17.21 MPa.m/s,其粉尘爆炸危险性分级为Ⅰ级。     

省内公路可移动危险源的模糊综合安全预警

为了对公路可移动危险源进行有效控制,分析了影响公路可移动危险源危险程度的因素,采用模糊综合评判方法,并通过公路可移动危险源模糊预警系统实现了公路可移动危险源的实时综合安全预警.结果表明,此方法考虑危险因素较全面,且可在屏幕实时显示各公路可移动危险源的预警结果,有利于提高安全管理水平.     

MIEX树脂特性及其在饮用水处理中的应用

阐述了MIEX阴离子交换树脂的特性及其在饮用水处理中对消毒副产物前质、色度、浊度、藻类等的去除效果.对近年来MIEX树脂与超滤、活性炭、臭氧等工艺组合的应用情况进行了介绍,初步分析了MIEX树脂用于净水处理的经济性.     

砷矿区植物对重金属的吸收和富集特征

通过野外调查研究了云南楚雄雨露砷矿区采矿、冶炼废弃地生长的16种优势植物的生长状态及其对应根区土壤的基本理化性质.结果表明,该矿区植物长势良好,未出现受害症状.土壤磷氮含量充足,As含量远远超过《土壤环境质量标准》3级标准中的旱地As含量标准值,高达133倍.16种植物的地上部重金属含量As最高,并且在总As平均质量比高达5 318 mg/kg的土壤环境条件下,蜈蚣草(Pteris vittata L.)体内As质量比可达2 327 mg/kg,小酸模(Rumex acetosella L.)、辣子草(Galinsoga parviflora Cav.)、鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)等7种植物对Cd,以及牛口刺(Cirsium shansiense Petrak.)对Zn的富集系数和转移系数均大于1.0,其中地石榴对Cd的富集系数高达7.99.上述植物对重金属污染均表现出了较强的耐性,具有进一步的研究潜力.