超声对污泥流变性及絮凝脱水性的影响

采用旋转粘度法研究了活性污泥体系的流变特性,考察和比较了超声处理前后污泥粘度及过滤比阻的变化,并就超声处理污泥的絮凝脱水性能进行了相关测试和分析.结果表明,随剪切速率的增大,污泥表观粘度降低,流动性增大,表现出流体变稀;污泥的流变特性反映出其胶状网络结构具有相对稳定性,污泥对水的结合能力强,因此,其过滤比阻高、脱水性能差;在固定频率25 kHz条件下,低声能密度(0.10～0.15W·mL-1)、短时间(2～3 min)超声处理可有效降低污泥表观粘度及过滤比阻;在絮凝剂(PDMDAAC)投量为污泥干固体质量(TS的)0.5%时,超声处理污泥的过滤比阻与滤饼含水率可分别降低至最小值0.18×109s2·g-1和65.7%.实验结果表明,将超声与絮凝剂结合用于污泥调理是可行的.     

开放源对环境空气质量影响的评估技术与实例

开放源排放的颗粒物已经成为城市环境大气颗粒物的主要来源之一,介绍了其对环境空气质量影响的评估技术,采用开放源的动力学经验公式测算S市粉煤灰场、原煤堆场、土堆、沙石料堆4类开放源不同粒径颗粒物的起动风速及扩散距离,并利用箱模型(A值)和源解析(化学质量平衡法,CMB)模型测算开放源的区域年均起尘量及其对环境空气中颗粒物的贡献值.结果表明:开放源排放的颗粒物易升腾而且影响面积很大;S市区开放源类排放的小于100 μm的颗粒物约22.2×104 t/a,小于10 μm的颗粒物约15.8×104 t/a;开放源对环境空气中TSP的贡献值约370 μg/m3,质量浓度分担率达60%,对PM₁₀的贡献值约263 μg/m3,分担率达64%.      

稠油废水生物处理主要影响因素分析

有机聚合物和石油烃类物质是稠油废水中的主要污染物.应用辽河油田锦采污水处理厂稠油废水中筛选分离出的菌株B0501,分析其在稠油废水生物处理过程中对废水COD_Cr的去除作用,研究了不同温度,pH,水力停留时间以及添加氮、磷营养盐等条件下微生物对废水COD_Cr去除的影响.结果表明:稠油废水中投加的外源微生物B0501提高了废水中COD_Cr的去除率;接种后,废水在30 ℃,pH为7.5,水力停留时间为216 h,添加氮、磷营养盐(ρ(氮)/ρ(磷)为5.63)的条件下,废水COD_Cr去除率大幅度提高,其ρ(COD_Cr)满足国家污水综合排放一级标准(GB 8798-1996).经形态观察和生理生化反应鉴定,菌株B0501为液化金杆菌(Aureobaterium liquefaciens).      

污泥生物处理的研究与应用

污泥生物处理技术包括污泥前置及后置的处理。污泥前置处理可以通过微生物自身的新陈代谢和微生物种群之间捕食作用,以及对工艺和反应器的改良来实现污泥减量。污泥后置生物处理是指污泥消化,可以使用高温-中温共相厌氧消化和蛋形污泥消化器对污泥进行减量;这些方法从不同侧面反应了目前污泥生物处理研究现状以及最新进展。     

磷对云龙湖富营养化优势藻及混合藻生长的影响

氮磷等营养盐的增加和藻类的过度增殖是富营养化的主要标志。大多数湖泊水体富营养化受磷元素的制约。研究表明富营养化水体的不同藻类对磷含量的依赖性各不相同。通过研究在相同氮浓度,相同温度条件下,不同磷浓度对纯种小球藻和硅藻以及天然混合藻生长速度的影响,发现在氮浓度充足的情况下,磷含量高促进小球藻生长;对硅藻却没有明显的相关性;天然水体混合藻生长速度与磷浓度呈正相关。     

Toluene removal characteristics by a superimposed wire-plate dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor

A superimposed wire-plate dielectric barrier discharge reactor was used to remove toluene in this study. The effects of oxygen content, gas flow rate, gas initial concentration and with/without catalyst on toluene decomposition were investigated. It was found that an optimal toluene removal was achieved when the oxygen content was about 5%. Under this condition, the highest toluene removal efficiency of 80.8% was achieved when the gas concentration was 80 mg/m^3. The toluene removal efficiency decreased with the increase of the gas flow rate and the initial concentration of toluene. In addition, the ozone concentration decreased with the increase of the initial concentration of toluene. It suggested that combining DBD （dielectric barrier discharge） with Co3O4/Al2O3/foam nickel catalyst in-situ could improve the toluene removal efficiency and suppress ozone formation. Products analysis showed that the main products were CO and CO2 when oxygen was more than 5%.     

Pyrolysis of rice husk and sawdust for liquid fuel

The paper is focused on studying how to convert rice husk and sawdust into liquid fuel. Rice husk, sawdust and their mixture were pyrolyzed at the temperature between 420℃ and 540℃, and the main product of liquid fuel was obtained. The experimental result showed that the yield of liquid fuel heavily depended on the kind of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature. In the experiments, the maximum liquid yields for rice husk, sawdust and their mixture were 56% at 465 ℃, 61% at 490℃ and 60% at 475℃ respectively. Analysis with GC-MS and other apparatus indicated that the liquid fuel is a complicated organic compound with low caloric value and can be directly used as fuel oil without any up-grading. As a crude oil, the liquid fuel can be refined to be vehicle oil.     

Selective extraction and separation of Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials in river surficial sediments

In order to investigate the adsorption mechanism of trace metals to surficial sediments （SSs）, a selective extraction procedure was improved in the present work. The selective extraction procedure has been proved to selectively remove and separate Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials （OMs） in the non-residual fraction from the SSs collected in Songhua River, China. After screening different kinds of conventional extractants of Fe and Mn oxides and OMs used for separation of heavy metals in the soils and sediments, NH2OH .HCl （0.1 mol/L） ＋ HNO3 （0.1 mol/L）, （NH4）2C2O4 （0.2 mol/L） ＋ H2C2O4 （pH 3.0）, and 30% of H2O2 were respectively applied to selectively extract Mn oxides, Fe/Mn oxides and OMs. After the extraction treatments, the target components were removed with extraction efficiencies between 86.09%--3.36% for the hydroxylamine hydrochloride treatment, 80.63%- 101.09% for the oxalate solution extraction, and 94.76%-102.83% for the hydrogen peroxide digestion, respectively. The results indicate that this selective extraction technology was effective for the extraction and separation ofFe, Mn oxides and OMs in the SSs, and important for further mechanism study of trace metal adsorption onto SSs.     

碎屑沉积物地球化学:物源属性、构造环境和影响因素

碎屑沉积物记录着有关源岩性质和构造演化等诸多重要的信息,对于沉积盆地分析和理解区域构造演化都有重要的指示意义。近年来碎屑沉积物地球化学的研究有了很大进展,尤其是同位素年代学在沉积物地球化学中的应用,如造山带前陆盆地、山间盆地沉积物的同位素年代学的研究可以有效地反演造山带隆升-剥蚀作用与盆地沉降之间的联系,为地壳演化和造山带隆升等地质过程提供了重要的地球化学证据。文章结合近几年来的研究实例,综述了沉积物地球化学方法在物源示踪和源区构造背景判别研究的一些进展。考虑到碎屑沉积物地球化学组成是源岩、风化作用、沉积循环、成岩作用和分选作用等综合作用的结果,我们对其中的主要影响因素进行了分析,指出了当前广泛应用的物源和构造背景判别图解需要注意的一些问题。     

苦咸水淡化处理方法探讨

针对苦成水的淡化水处理方法,分别介绍了不同方法的原理、试用性和优缺点。通过对各种方法的对比,采用反渗透膜法对不同古盐量的苦成水进行脱盐淡化处理,具有较强的适应性。膜分离技术中的反渗透法是较其他方法更为合理、有效的苦咸水淡化技术。