北方地区大气污染防治

近年来,中国在控污排放、城市环境综合整治等方面取得了一定的成绩,但环境污染形势十分严峻,大气的污染仍然比较严重,这直接影响着人们的日常生活和工作。以大量调查资料对北方地区大气环境和污染现状进行了研究,并提出了全面实行集中供热采暖、工业大气污染源治理、推广使用清洁能源等综合防治对策,为彻底解决北方地区煤烟型大气污染提供了理论依据,也为治理煤烟型污染提供了有价值的参考。     

吉林省污水处理厂环境管理现状与污染防治对策初探

吉林省有污水处理厂20座,以城镇污水处理厂居多,约占吉林省污水处理厂总座数的75%。主要削减的污染物为第二类污染物,并以化学需氧量和生化需氧量削减量最大;吉林地区污水处理厂化学需氧量和生化需氧量削减量最大,其次为长春和四平地区,辽源地区污水处理厂化学需氧量削减量最小;松花江流域污水处理厂化学需氧量削减量最大,其次为辽河流域,再次为图们江流域。松花江流域污水处理厂生化需氧量也是削减量最大,其次为辽河流域,再次为图们江流域;全省第二类污染物削减率为79.46%。针对吉林省污水处理厂污水及污水中污染物处理情况,加强全省污水处理厂的能力等各方面建设势在必行。     

海洋工程EIS现状资料归档和信息化的建议

对海洋工程进行海洋环境影响评价(EIS),可以保护海洋环境和生态,实现可持续发展战略。目前海洋工程EIS现状资料在归档工作中存在不完整和不及时的问题。受限于我国海洋数据交流渠道不畅,信息共享十分困难,EIS现状资料没有进行有效的信息化管理,急需利用的部门很难及时获取到有效数据,因此现状资料的归档和信息化管理尤为重要。为解决存在的问题,文章程实例来说明资料完整归档情况,并提出了确保及时完整归档的建议。同时建议开发相关的资料信息化管理系统,实现资料及时共享等,以期为同行提供参考。     

Smog chamber study on the evolution of fume from residential coal combustion

Domestic coal stoves are widely used in countryside and greenbelt residents in China for heating and cooking, and emit considerable pollutants to the atmosphere because of no treatment of their exhaust, which can result in deteriorating local air quality. In this study, a dynamic smog chamber was used to investigate the real-time emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants during the combustion process and a static smog chamber was used to investigate the fume evolution under simulate light irradiation. The real-time emissions revealed that the total hydrocarbon (THC) and CO increased sharply after ignition, and then quickly decreased, indicating volatilization of hydrocarbons with low molecular weight and incomplete combustion at the beginning stage of combustion made great contribution to these pollutants. There was evident shoulder peak around 10 min combustion for both THC and CO, revealing the emissions from vitrinite combustion. Additionally, another broad emission peak of CO after 30 min was also observed, which was ascribed to the incomplete combustion of the inertinite. Compared with THC and CO, there was only one emission peak for NOx, SO₂ and particular matters at the beginning stage of combustion. The fume evolution with static chamber simulation indicated that evident consumption of SO₂ and NOx as well as new particle formation were observed. The consumption rates for SO₂ and NOx were about 3.44% hr^-1 and 3.68% hr^-1, the new particle formation of nuclei particles grew at a rate of 16.03 nm/hr during the first reaction hour, and the increase of the diameter of accumulation mode particles was evident. The addition of isoprene to the diluted mixture of the fume could promote O₃ and secondary particle formation.     

垃圾沉降对竖向堆高的垃圾填埋场的影响及处理方法设计

对垃圾体的沉降机理进行分析,结合竖向堆高设计的无锡市桃花山垃圾填埋场扩建工程设计实例,介绍了对该工程基础即原工程垃圾体的沉降量计算和基础沉降危害的处理方法。     

Accounting embodied economic potential of healthcare waste recycling—a case study from Pakistan

Proper management of healthcare wastes is a key concern across resource-constrained countries in South Asia. Existing scientific research on this topic usually involves epidemiological and behavioral studies. Similarly, environmental impact assessment of healthcare wastes is mainly conducted from an end-user or anthropocentric point of view. In this study, we took a novel approach by analyzing healthcare wastes using an ecocentric position. Here, we utilize a case study of a general public hospital in a major city of Pakistan to analyze the embodied energy of its waste fractions by category. We used Emergy analysis to assess the true economic potential of recycling these waste items. While doing so, we compared the economic potential of current waste recycling practices with the scenario of 100% recycling of useful waste fractions. We discovered that the latent embodied energy of different recyclable waste fractions made them far more valuable than their existing market prices indicate. This value increased further if the useful waste fractions were completely recycled. In conclusion, this study used empirical evidence to argue in favor of source-segregation and recycling of healthcare wastes so that the higher costs associated with natural resource extraction and processing can be avoided. Future studies considering hazardous healthcare wastes can use the approach taken in this paper to analyze the impact of other practical waste treatment procedures.     

Occurrence and transformations of carbon,nitrogen, and phosphorus related to particle size fraction of sweet potato starch wastewater during hydrolytic acidification processes

Sweet potato starch wastewater (SPSW) is an industrial food-processing waste product, which is a significant pollution source due to its high chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen, and phosphorus loads. The influence of hydrolytic acidification (HA) process on C, N, and P as well as other main parameters were evaluated. It is essential to treat these wastewaters with effective methods such as HA, a general pretreatment application. In this study, we investigate the scientific link between the changes of different fractions of C, N, and P with particle size distribution in response to the newly introduced HA process. Results showed that the levels of COD, TN, and TP remained ultimately stable; pH and suspended solids (SSs) decreased obviously. HA process exhibits excellent capability of reducing the larger particulars (with diameter of >5 μm) into smaller ones (with diameter of <0.1 μm). The most significant initial concentration contribution to COD, TN, and TP pollution came from particles and matter with a diameter of >5 μm, at 41.8, 57.3, and 43.5%, respectively. While the most significant contribution to COD, TN, and TP was resulting from micro-molecular size particles (<0.1 μm) after 48 h. The smallest particles (<0.1 μm) were the most dominant contribution to all pollutants measured, with COD, TN, and TP contributions of 63.2, 50.4, and 59.3%, respectively. While the contribution of larger particles (particle size >5 μm) reduced to 10.2, 15.3, and 7.1%, respectively.

     

城市地震时人的心理反应与应急对策

本文运用社会心理学、社会行为学与地震社会学的原理,分析研究城市地震灾害发生时,人们的心理行为反应特征以及制约震时人们心理行为反应的主客观因素,在此基础上提出震时人们应采取的应急对策。     

Methane–benzene binary mixture destruction in a reverse flow catalytic reactor

An experimental study of methane–benzene binary mixture purification in a bench-scale reverse flow reactor is carried out. Results for catalytic oxidation of the two hydrocarbons with remarkably discrepant chemical properties show that autothermal catalytic combustion of very lean combustible concentration can be achieved with periodic feed reversal. Benzene is well removed, but methane conversion is relatively low and mainly determined by the thermal level of the reactor. If methane is added as auxiliary fuel to maintain autothermal operation when the volatile organic compound (VOC) concentration in the contaminated air is too low, an excess amount is needed. The influences of gas superficial velocity, cycle period, and methane-to-benzene ratio are discussed. A mathematical model is developed and solved using a FORTRAN code, with good correspondence being observed between the two approaches. Results of experimental and numerical study indicate that, during catalytic oxidation of lean VOCs in reverse flow reactor, the mutual inhibition effect between different kinds of hydrocarbon can be neglected.     

芳香胺测定中试样制备技术的研究进展

介绍了目前应用在环境芳香胺测定中的固相微萃取(SPME)、柱内固相微萃取(INSPME)、搅动棒吸附萃取(SBSE)、液相微萃取(LPME)、离子液体分散液液微萃取(IL - DLLME)等试样的提取、富集、浓缩技术.