Perspectives on small watershed management in China: the case of Biliu

River basin management in China has focused on large rivers, such as the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. However, there are also about 20,000 small river basins that deserve attention. The Biliu River basin in Liaoning Province, northeast China, which is 156 km in length, has many features common to small river basins, including divided jurisdiction among governments leading to vertical and horizontal fragmentation. In the Biliu basin, the key municipalities are Dalian with a population of almost 6 million people and Yingkou with about 2.28 million people. Each has different interests and needs, making coordination and collaboration difficult. The literature and practice suggest that effective integrated water resource management (IWRM) requires at least six features: (1) vision, policy and strategy; (2) a legislative or statutory basis to provide credibility and authority; (3) a river basin organization to coordinate development and management; (4) specification of functions and authority of the river basin organization; (5) public participation and community involvement; and (6) an IRWM strategy and plan. Water management in the Biliu River basin is assessed relative to these features of IWRM, with recommendations offered regarding changes to have water management in the Biliu River basin to reflect what is expected in an IWRM approach.     

基于ARIMA模型的辽河流域生态足迹动态模拟与预测

将能值与生态足迹理论相结合,引入能量折算系数,通过能值密度构建能值-生态足迹模型,并应用此模型对辽河流域2001—2010年生态承载力和生态足迹进行计算。生态承载力计算主要是自然生态承载力和本地产品产出承载力,其中自然生态承载力主要考虑可更新资源的承载力,本地产品产出承载力主要包括生物资源产出承载力和工业产品产出承载力。生态足迹的计算主要包括消费足迹和污染足迹,消费足迹主要测算生物资源消费、能源消费和水资源消费足迹。污染足迹主要测算废气和生活废水、工业废水对自然生态系统带来的负荷。测算结果表明:2001—2010年辽河流域人均生态承载力和人均生态足迹均有所增加,但是生态足迹的增长速度远远大于生态承载力,致使流域内自2001与2009年生态略有盈余外,其余年份均出现生态赤字,处于不可持续发展状态。以能值-生态足迹模型测算结果为基础,基于EViews采用自回归综合移动平均模型(ARIMA),对流域内10年的生态足迹和生态承载力进行动态模拟。首先通过ADF与PP单位根检验时间序列的平稳性;其次分析序列的自相关函数图和偏自相关函数,初步确定AR和MA的阶次;再根据R2、AIC及SC准则,进行模型参数估计并诊断分析;最后确定最佳模拟模型。以ARIMA模型预测2011—2015年辽河流域生态足迹和生态承载力的演变趋势。预测结果表明,人均生态足迹在未来5年内会继续呈直线式增长,到2015年达到7.387 8 hm2,是2001年的2.16倍;而人均生态承载力在2011年之后开始下降,生态赤字继续扩大,到2015年增长到-4.167 67,约为2005年的10倍,流域内不可持续发展形势会更加恶化。最后提出辽河流域生态安全建设的对策。能值-生态足迹模型测算结果与实地调研基本相符,较真实反映了辽河流域可持续发展状况。基于ARIMA模型模拟预测结果可为未来流域开发和建设提供参考依据。     

不同三维模型对铅酸蓄电池污染场地土壤Pb空间分布预测的影响

为准确界定污染场地土壤中污染物三维分布范围和受污染土壤土方量并提供相关技术方法和思路,以某典型铅酸蓄电池污染场地为例,对比研究了不同三维插值模型(三维克里格、反距离加权、最邻近点)在不同水平垂直向异性系数设置,对土壤铅污染评价和污染边界分布的影响.研究结果显示,不同模型预测的精度不同,随着水平垂直比值增大,平均误差和均方根误差有增大趋势;通过对比修复目标表明,反距离加权统计的受污染土方量最大,其次是三维克里格和最邻近点,统计值相差约为13%;从污染评价结果和预测精度来看,三维克里格模型和反距离加权要优于最邻近点,选择适宜的模型和合理的参数设置对准确界定污染边界和降低不确定性具有重要影响.     

Migration and remediation of organic liquid pollutants in porous soils and sedimentary rocks: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Underground pollution of soils and sediments is a major yet overlooked health issue, because pollutants are often trapped into inaccessible and complex...     

厌氧水解-SBR工艺处理高浓度有机废水运行工序的优化

将ASBR反应器和SBR反应器结合组成厌氧水解-SBR工艺用于养猪场废水的处理,ASBR反应器作为厌氧水解反应器,主要完成对有机物的水解,达到初步降解有机物的目的,在反应器每次进水量和排水量不大于其有效容积70%的前提下,研究了ASBR反应器厌氧搅拌段的时间对污水可生化性和对后续SBR脱氮处理效果的影响.结果表明,厌氧搅拌36h的污水既保持了较高的可生化性,出水BOD/COD保持在0.4左右,又能在后续SBR处理中取得较好的脱氮效果,经SBR反应器处理后出水NH₄⁺-N<10mg/L.通过实验分析进一步确定了好氧SBR反应器运行的最佳工序,厌氧水解-SBR运行工序优化后,BOD5的总去除率达到98%以上,NH₄⁺-N去除率达到99%以上,但出水COD_Cr达不到排放标准,经混凝沉淀处理后方能达标排放.     

重质原油和轻质原油水溶性组分对紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)毒理效应的研究

近年来,海洋石油开采与运输泄漏、石油及产品离岸排放等事故逐年增多,对近海海域生态环境产生了巨大破坏。为探究重质原油和轻质原油对紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)毒理效应,测定了不同浓度重质原油和轻质原油暴露下紫贻贝鳃和外套膜中过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及体内石油烃的含量变化。结果显示,石油污染暴露下,紫贻贝腮和外套膜中CAT和SOD活性变化明显,与暴露浓度和暴露时间有关。CAT活性在轻质原油组随着浓度的增大,呈现下降趋势,且随着暴露时间的延长呈现先下降后上升趋势;在重质原油暴露组,随着浓度的增大,呈现先上升后下降趋势,且随着暴露时间的延长呈现先下降后上升趋势。SOD活性在轻质原油与重质原油暴露组,随着浓度的增大,呈现下降趋势,且随着暴露时间的延长呈现上升趋势并存在一定的剂量-效应关系。重质原油和轻质原油暴露168 h后紫贻贝体内总石油烃含量呈线性递增,生物富集系数(BCF)随着暴露浓度的增加不断减小并最终趋于平稳。结果表明,以紫贻贝腮和外套膜中SOD和CAT活性作为石油烃污染的生物标志物具有一定应用前景,紫贻贝对原油溶液中石油烃的生物富集作用可用来判断污染原油的来源和性质。     

Characteristics and source apportionment of VOCs measured in Shanghai,China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured from 2007 to 2010 at the center of Shanghai, China. Because VOCs are important precursors for ozone photochemical formation, detailed information of VOC sources needs to be investigated. The results show that the measured VOC concentrations in Shanghai are dominated by alkanes (43%) and aromatics (30%), following by halo-hydrocarbons (14%) and alkenes (6%). Based on the measured VOC concentrations, a receptor model (PMF; positive matrix factorization) coupled with the information related to VOC sources (the distribution of major industrial complex, meteorological conditions, etc.) is applied to identify the major VOC sources in Shanghai. The result shows that seven major VOC sources are identified by the PMF method, including (1) vehicle related source which contributes to 25% of the measured VOC concentrations, (2) solvent based industrial source to 17%, (3) fuel evaporation to 15%, (4) paint solvent usage to 15%, (5) steel related industrial production to 12%, (6) biomass/biofuel burning to 9%, and (7) coal burning to 7%. Furthermore, ozone formation potential related to VOC sources is calculated by the MIR (maximum incremental reactivity) technique. The most significant VOC source for ozone formation potential is solvent based industrial sources (27%), paint solvent usage (24%), vehicle related emissions (17%), steel related industrial productions (14%), fuel evaporations (9%), coal burning (6%), and biomass/biofuel burning (3%). The weekend effect on the VOC concentrations shows that VOC concentrations are generally higher in the weekdays than in the weekends at the sampling site, suggesting that traffic conditions and human activities have important impacts on the VOC emissions in Shanghai.     

高职食品专业校企合作的问题及对策

校企合作教育是一种充分利用学校与企业等多种不同的教育环境和资源在培养人才方面的优势,培养适应企业需要的应用性专门人才的教育模式,对高职院校培养应用型人才具有重要的意义。但当前高职院校的校企合作中存在如政策法规不健全、合作机制不完善、企业的热情不高等问题,针对这些问题从政府政策、企业和学校三方面对其解决方法提出了建议。     

EDTA-（NH4）2FeSO4络合剂脱除烟气中的氮氧化物

络合脱硝法是近年来新型的脱除氮氧化物的方法之一,其中EDTA金属络合剂受到了广泛关注,而亚铁络合剂又具有很好的脱除氮氧化物的效果。考查了硫酸亚铁铵与EDTA形成的Fe（II）EDTA这种比较常见的EDTA金属络合剂对NO的吸收容量,并考查温度、络合剂浓度等对Fe（II）EDTA吸收NO的影响。研究结果表明：在相同的实验环境和实验条件下,对于影响Fe（II）EDTA吸收NO的因素最重要的是温度,其余依次为络合剂浓度、气体流速、氧含量、吸收液pH,最适宜吸收条件是反应温度50℃、络合剂浓度0．1mol／L、进气流速600mL／min、氧含量2％、吸收液pH=6。     

Phosphine migration at the water-air interface in Lake Taihu, China

The diurnal atmospheric phosphine (PH₃) concentrations and fluxes at the water-air interface in Lake Taihu were reported. The results showed that the PH₃ flux at the water-air interface ranged from −69.9 ± 29.7 to 121 ± 42 ng m⁻² h⁻¹, with a mean flux of 14.4 ± 22.5 ng m⁻² h⁻¹. The fluxes were both negative and positive during the diurnal period, indicating that the lake can act as a sink and a source of PH₃. In addition, the PH₃ fluxes were positively correlated with water temperature, total soluble phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus, while they were negatively correlated with water redox potential. A similar diurnal variation curve of atmospheric PH₃ concentrations was observed during all four seasons, with the maximum level occurring in early morning and the minimum appearing around midday. These findings suggest that light plays an important role in the elimination of atmospheric PH₃. A significant positive correlation was also found between air temperature and atmospheric PH₃ concentration. The mean flux of PH₃ in Lake Taihu was higher than in other reported wetlands, with an estimated annual emission of PH₃ to the atmosphere of 2.94 × 10⁵ g y⁻¹.