一种准分布式内加热刚玉管FBG渗流速率监测方法

岩土体中的渗流是引发各种地质灾害的重要因素。针对现有渗流监测技术的不足,提出了一种基于光纤布拉格光栅FBG的准分布式内加热刚玉管FBG渗流监测方法;介绍了该方法的原理;发明了一种新型内加热刚玉管渗流传感器;推导出了温度特征值与渗流速率之间的关系,并通过砂性土室内模型试验对此关系进行了率定。试验结果表明:(1)本方法对砂性土中渗流速率进行监测是可行的;(2)利用刚玉管封装的新型传感器具有很好的监测性能;(3)在给定加热功率条件下,一定渗流速率范围内,温度特征值与渗流速率间存在线性关系,渗流速率越大,温度特征值越小;(4)一定加热功率条件下的渗流速率监测存在相应的测试量程,提高给定加热功率可提高监测量程。     

Industrial land expansion in rural China threatens environmental securities

• China’s rural industrial land (RIL) area quadrupled from 1990 to 2015. • RIL expansion cost 9% of China’s crop production and threatened human/ecosystem safety. • The underprivileged population bears a disproportionally large share of the risks. China’s rural industrialization has been a major driver for its rapid economic growth during the recent decades, but its myriad environmental risks are yet to be fully understood. Based on a comprehensive national land-use data set, our study shows that the area of China’s rural industrial land (RIL) quadrupled during 1990–2015, reaching 39000 km² in 2015, comparable to urbanization in magnitude but with a much greater degree of landscape fragmentation which implies stronger ecological and environmental impacts. About 91% of the protected areas in the central China were within 50 km from rural industrial land, thus exposed to industrial disturbances. Accelerated rural industrial land expansion, particularly in regions under high geo-hazard risks, led to dramatically increased environmental risks, threatening the safety and health of both rural industrial workers and residents. Moreover, negative effects from rural industrial land expansion could partially offset the crop production growth in recent decades. The underprivileged rural population in the west bears a disproportionally large share of the increased environmental risks. China urgently needs to design and implement sustainable policies to restrict and reshape its rural industrialization. This study aims to inspire policy makers and researchers to rethink the current model of industrial expansion and improve rural industrial land planning, which is important for achieving the sustainable development goals of China.     

Preparation and application of a phosphorous free and non-nitrogen scale inhibitor in industrial cooling water systems

A novel environmentally friendly type of calcium carbonate, zinc (II) and iron (III) scale inhibitor Acrylic acid- allylpolyethoxy carboxylate copolymer (AA-APEL) was synthesized. The anti-scale property of the AA-APEL toward CaCO₃, zinc (II) and iron (III) in the artificial cooling water was studied through static scale inhibition tests. The observation shows that both calcium carbonate, zinc (II) and iron (III) inhibition increase with increasing the dosage of AA-APEL. The effect on formation of CaCO₃ was investigated with combination of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis and fourier transform infrared spectrometer, respectively. The results showed that the AA-APEL copolymer not only influenced calcium carbonate crystal morphology and crystal size but also the crystallinity. The crystallization of CaCO₃ in the absence of inhibitor was rhombohedral calcite crystal, whereas a mixture of calcite with vaterite crystals was found in the presence of the AA-APEL copolymer. Inhibition mechanism is proposed that the interactions between calcium or iron ions and polyethylene glycol (PEG) are the fundamental impetus to restrain the formation of the scale in cooling water systems.     

Removing phosphorus from aqueous solutions by using iron-modified corn straw biochar

Iron-modified corn straw biochar was used as an adsorbent to remove phosphorus from agricultural runoff. When agricultural runoffs with a total phosphorus (TP) concentration of 1.86 mg·L⁻¹ to 2.47 mg·L⁻¹ were filtered at a hydraulic retention time of 2 h through a filtration column packed with the modified biochar, a TP removal efficiency of over 99% and an effluent TP concentration of less than 0.02 mg·L⁻¹ were achieved. The isotherms of the phosphorus adsorption by the modified biochar fitted the Freundlich equation better than the Langmuir equation. The mechanism of the phosphorus adsorbed by the modified biochar was analyzed by using various technologies, i.e. scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results indicated that the surface of the modified biochar was covered by small iron granules, which were identified as Fe₃O₄. The results also showed that new iron oxides were formed on the surface of the modified biochar after the adsorption of phosphorus. Moreover, new bonds of Fe-O-P and P-C were found, which suggested that the new iron oxides tend to be Fe₅(PO₄)₄(OH)₃. Aside from removing phosphorus, adding the modified biochar into soil also improved soil productivity. When the modified biochar-to-soil rate was 5%, the stem, root, and bean of broad bean plants demonstrated increased growth rates of 91%, 64%, and 165%, respectively.     

燃煤流化床钙基脱硫剂对NO转变率的影响及机理

在φ150mm×1000mm流化床试验台上,温度区间840℃～960℃,研究了钙基脱硫剂品种、粒径和Ca/S比对NO转变率的影响.阐述了钙基脱硫剂使NO转变率增加机理试验发现,同等质量钙基脱硫剂使NO增加的次序为氧化钙、石灰石、方解石;Ca/S比越大,NO转变率越高;粒径为1～2mm时NO转变率最大,2～3mm时次之,0.2～1mm时最小.加入脱硫剂降低了HCl、HF、SO₂的浓度,导致O、H、HO₂浓度升高,CO的氧化反应加速,在床料、燃料灰催化作用下CO与NO的反应减慢,最终导致NO浓度升高.     

莱州湾生态系统特点及保护建议

在分析莱州湾生态系统特点的基础上,阐述了莱州湾存在的生态问题,并提出了生态保护对策建议      

国际温室气体监测量值传递与质量控制经验及启示

建立温室气体监测量值传递与质量控制体系,对于保障温室气体监测数据的准确性、可比性和计量溯源性具有重要意义。世界气象组织于1989年组建了全球大气观测网络,欧洲、美国也分别建立了区域、城市温室气体监测系统。相比之下,我国温室气体监测起步较晚。因此,亟需建立我国独立自主的温室气体监测量值传递与质量控制体系,为准确核验温室气体排放量,实现“双碳”目标,提供可靠的数据支撑。通过总结国际温室气体监测量值溯源与传递体系、质量管理与质量控制体系等的先进经验,对我国温室气体监测提出以下建议：设立满足排放量准确评估要求的数据质量目标;研制独立自主、国际等效的高准确度基准标气;加快构建量值传递与质量控制体系,并建立健全相关技术标准规范;探索研究其他温室气体监测量值溯源与传递方法。     

城市污水一级强化处理工艺——高负荷生物吸附再生法的应用研究

根据理论分析提出生物吸附-沉淀-再生的城市污水处理工艺,即高负荷生物吸附再生法.该工艺对污染物去除的作用主要包括污泥的絮凝作用、吸附作用和生物代谢作用,而以前两者的作用为主.对城市污水的生产性试验研究结果表明,该工艺能够较大程度地提高SS、COD、SCOD和BOD等污染物的去除率,具有明显的处理效果,对于西北干旱缺水地区实现污水资源化是切实可行的方法.     

冻融对污水河道沉积物特性及脱水性能的影响

为了降低污水河道治理过程中污染沉积物的含水率以减少其对环境的二次污染,对污水河道沉积物在自然条件下和人为条件下进行冻融实验研究,通过冻融前后沉积物比阻抗、含水率、颗粒分布及渗出液中污染物含量等实验说明冻融对污染沉积物脱水性能及其特性有影响.研究表明,冻融过程使沉积物的比表面积变小,体均粒径变大,泥水明显分离,含水率从冻前83%～85%降到融后的50%～60%;大量间隙水、毛细结合水和表面粘附水游离出来,提高了沉积物的脱水性能;比阻值由(1.2～4.1)×10⁹s²/g降为(3.8～5.2)×10⁷s²/g;同时渗出液的SS含量由1 000～1 200mg/kg降到340～380 mg/kg、氨氮含量由150～170 mg/kg降到100～120 mg/kg、BOD含量由300～310 mg/kg降到50～60 mg/kg,但渗出液中油类物质含量由1～2mg/kg提高到11～12 mg/kg,即如果沉积物不是被油类物质污染,冻融可使渗出液污染程度小于冻前沉积物的渗出液.     

鼠李糖脂强化多环芳烃微生物修复的研究进展

多环芳烃（PAHs）是普遍存在于环境中具有强烈毒性、致突变性和致癌性的难降解有机物,可造成严重的环境污染。由于低水溶性而导致的低生物可利用率是限制PAHs微生物降解的主要因素。生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂由于在形成胶束后能够大幅提高PAHs的表观溶解度,且毒性低、无二次污染,因而在PAHs微生物降解的研究中得到广泛关注。目前关于鼠李糖脂强化PAHs微生物降解的研究主要集中于其强化效果,而对其强化机制的研究仍不够深入。该文基于鼠李糖脂的性质及铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）的鼠李糖脂生物合成及调控,从鼠李糖脂提高PAHs溶解度、强化胶束传质、提高细胞表面疏水性、降低细胞表面Zeta电位、提高细胞膜通透性等方面综述其在强化PAHs微生物降解机制方面的最新研究进展,并总结了温度、pH、浓度和离子强度等环境因素对强化效果的影响。在此基础上,提出未来需要进一步探索鼠李糖脂生物可降解性与强化降解效果之间的平衡关系,明确pH影响PAHs溶解度的机理,并从基因、转录、蛋白和代谢水平对鼠李糖脂作用前后降解菌内参与调控菌体细胞表面疏水性（CSH）和膜通透性的相关基因的表达差异进行分析...