Short-term effects of gaseous pollutants on cause-specific mortality in Wuhan, China

In Asia, limited studies have been published on the association between daily mortality and gaseous pollutants of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Our previous studies in Wuhan, China, demonstrated long-term air pollution effects. However, no study has been conducted to determine mortality effects of air pollution in this region. This study was to determine the acute mortality effects of the gaseous pollutants in Wuhan, a city with 7.5 million permanent residents during the period from 2000 to 2004. There are approximately 4.5 million residents in Wuhan who live in the city's core area of 201 km2, where air pollution levels are highest, and pollution ranges are wider than the majority of the cities in the published literature. We used the generalized additive model to analyze pollution, mortality, and covariate data. We found consistent NO2 effects on mortality with the strongest effects on the same day. Every 10-microg/m3 increase in NO2 daily concentration on the same day was associated with an increase in nonaccidental (1.43%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.87-1.99%), cardiovascular (1.65%; 95% CI: 0.87-2.45%), stroke (1.49%; 95% CI: 0.56-2.43%), cardiac (1.77%; 95% CI: 0.44-3.12%), respiratory (2.23%; 95% CI: 0.52-3.96%), and cardiopulmonary mortality (1.60%; 95% CI: 0.85-2.35%). These effects were stronger among the elderly than among the young. Formal examination of exposure-response curves suggests no-threshold linear relationships between daily mortality and NO2, where the NO2 concentrations ranged from 19.2 to 127.4 microg/m3. SO2 and O3 were not associated with daily mortality. The exposure-response relationships demonstrated heterogeneity, with some curves showing nonlinear relationships for SO2 and O3. We conclude that there is consistent evidence of acute effects of NO2 on mortality and suggest that a no-threshold linear relationship exists between NO2 and mortality.     

底泥中重金属毒性的室内孔隙水分析技术

根据孔隙水中重金属的浓度可以判定底泥中重金属的毒性但获得真正的底泥孔隙水十分困难。本文提供了一套简便易行的室内原状孔隙水取样技术,将碳化硅砂芯埋入底泥,添加表层水并静置９０ｄ,通过渗滤获得孔隙水,测定孔隙水中重的浓度,所得结果与微生态系统暴露试验中生物指示的重金属的毒性大小相吻合,与生物积累重金属的浓度显著正相关。     

青岛海洋环境碳纤维复合材料与低合金钢电偶腐蚀研究

目的 探究碳纤维复合材料在舰船应用时与金属材料的电偶腐蚀问题。方法 针对一种典型舰船用碳纤维增强乙烯基树脂复合材料,在青岛海洋大气环境下开展0.5、1、1.5、2 a期的自然曝晒试验,进而采用电化学分析手段考察其与低合金钢的电偶腐蚀效应,结合老化机制探究碳纤维复合材料的老化行为对其与钢电偶腐蚀的影响。结果及结论 在青岛大气环境曝晒不同周期的复合材料试样,开路电位与低合金钢相差较大,存在较高的电偶腐蚀倾向。随曝晒时间的延长,复合材料表面微裂纹不断产生、扩展,导致电化学反应活性点增多,两者电偶电流密度随之增大。在青岛海洋大气环境下暴露2 a后,碳纤维增强乙烯基树脂复合材料与低合金钢的电偶电流为0.356 9 μA/cm²,两者的电偶腐蚀敏感性达到B级。     

操作条件对UF&RO工艺制取纯水效率的影响

采用UF＆RO膜组合工艺制取纯水,考察各项操作条件对系统效率的影响.结果表明,自来水经UF＆RO膜组合工艺装置的出水满足试验纯水水质要求.对于UF系统,冲洗频率、过滤方式和操作压力均影响系统的制水效率.冲洗频率越大,制水效率越高;各种过滤方式中,死端过滤效率最高;在一定范围内,操作压力升高,制水效率反而下降.对于RO系统,应根据出水水质要求,选择合适的回收率和操作压力.     

Bird species migration ratio in East Asia, Australia, and surrounding islands

Bird migration and its relationship with the contemporary environment have attracted long-term discussion. We calculated the avian migration ratio (the proportion of breeding species that migrate) in the areas from 70°E to 180°E and examined its relationship with the annual ranges of ambient temperature, primary productivity (estimated by the Enhanced Vegetation Index), and precipitation, along with island isolation and elevational range. The avian migration ratio increased with increasing latitude in general but varied greatly between the two hemispheres. Additionally, it showed minimal differences between continents and islands. Our analyses revealed that the seasonality of ambient temperature, which represents the energy expenditure of birds, is the dominant factor in determining bird species migration. Seasonality in primary productivity and other environmental factors play an indirect or limited role in bird species migration. The lower avian migration ratio in the Southern Hemisphere can be attributed to its paleogeographical isolation, stable paleoclimate, and warm contemporary environment. Under current trends of global warming, our findings should lead to further studies of the impact of warming on bird migration.     

氯化处理船舶压载水对外来生物存活的影响

初步研究了氯化处理船舶压载水对外业生物存活的影响。结果表明，氯化自理对杀灭中的细菌最为有效；对单细胞灌类则依种类需要不同浓度的有效氯，有的种类在４０ｍｇ／Ｌ有效氯作用下依然能存活。     

六氯苯和重金属复合污染沉积物的电动力学修复研究

以某化工厂排污沟渠中受六氯苯(hexachlorobenzene,HCB)、锌和镍复合污染的实际沉积物为对象,研究非离子表面活性剂OP-10对沉积物中污染物的增溶解吸效果和电动力学修复污染物的强化迁移效果。解吸实验结果表明:OP-10对HCB增溶解吸效果较好,对重金属离子的解吸有一定的促进作用。电动力学修复发现,随电渗析流进入沉积物中的OP-10很快的吸附在靠近阳极沉积物上,从而阻碍了助剂的输送并影响HCB的迁移,而靠近阴极区域沉积物中的有机质迁移会促进HCB的去除。沉积物pH变化引起的重金属沉淀是制约锌迁移的主要因素。镍的整体迁移效果不明显。     

马来西亚海域安达曼海多环芳烃的百年沉积记录

采用GC/MS分析研究了马来西亚海域安达曼海兰卡威岛邻近海域沉积物柱样(WC02)中多环芳烃(PAHs)组成与含量的垂直分布特征,结合210Pb定年,重现了该海域近百年来PAHs的沉积历史(1898~2004年).研究表明,PAHs在整个沉积剖面(0~56 cm)的含量介于13.2~60.1 ng.g-1之间(平均值28.4 ng.g-1),所分析的PAHs中以菲、萘、等化合物为主,与当地周边海域相比污染程度较轻.在20世纪20年代以前,沉积物中多环芳烃含量较低,基本代表当地环境的本底值,即多环芳烃主要来源于天然物质的输入;20年代以后PAHs的总量有所上升,并在20世纪60年代和80年代出现了2个峰值,表明这段时间内多环芳烃的陆源输入特征比较明显,也反映了人类活动在20世纪20年代后开始对该海域产生一定的影响.采用母体、高低环PAH比值对沉积物柱样中PAHs的来源进行分析,表明该海域沉积物受到燃料不完全燃烧产物污染为主、并伴有石油类污染,这与马来西亚西海域周边地区的人类活动(工农业生产、进出口、海上活动等)密切相关,同时也受到马六甲海峡繁忙的海上交通运输影响.对沉积物柱样污染历史进行分析,表明PAHs含量的...     

分流比对土壤渗滤系统脱氮效果的影响研究

针对污染物浓度较高的养猪废水,开展了不同分流比条件下土壤渗滤系统处理效果的对比研究,并分析了分流比对系统中脱氮微生物数量及氧化还原电位(ORP)变化的影响.试验结果表明,分流比对土壤渗滤系统的脱氮效果影响较大,而对COD、TSS和TP的去除效果无明显影响,当水力负荷(HLR)为0.01m3·m-2·d-1且分流比为1∶2时,系统对TN的去除效果最好,平均去除率达80.20%,而对其他污染物的平均去除率均可达90%以上;分流比可影响土壤渗滤系统中脱氮微生物的数量,分流比的增大可促进系统中反硝化细菌数量的增加,强化系统的脱氮效果;另外,分流比还可影响系统填料层中ORP的变化.因此,根据系统进水水质选择合适的分流比,是强化土壤渗滤系统脱氮效果的关键因素.     

不同溶剂提取芦竹化感物质对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响

研究并比较了3种极性不同的有机溶剂(甲醇、乙酸乙酯、正己烷)提取的芦竹(Arundo donax Linn.)化感物质对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响.通过跟踪观察藻细胞形态,测定藻细胞密度和细胞大小,发现3种溶剂提取物对铜绿微囊藻均有抑制作用.抑藻作用出现早晚次序:甲醇提取物<乙酸乙酯提取物<正己烷提取物.随作用时间的延长,投加低浓度甲醇提取物藻细胞生长恢复明显,高浓度抑藻效果较乙酸乙酯提取物及正己烷提取物弱.高浓度乙酸乙酯提取物、正己烷提取物在分别作用2　d、 4 d　后,抑藻效果均接近100%.各溶剂提取物的半效应质量浓度(EC_50,6　d)分别为甲醇提取物0.17　 g·L^-1,乙酸乙酯提取物0.05 g·L^-1,正己烷提取物0.08 g·L^-1.研究同时发现,投加甲醇提取物藻细胞空洞化,投加乙酸乙酯提取物藻细胞空洞化、破碎以及部分抱团,投加正己烷提取物藻细胞出现褶皱及聚团现象.各溶剂提取物均引起铜绿微囊藻细胞体积减小,其中乙酸乙酯提取物的效果最强.