基于PEMS技术的交叉口尾气排放特性分析

利用车载尾气检测设备(PEMS)OEM-2100收集了在交叉口和路段上的实时尾气排放数据,利用GIS和相应二次开发工具构造了排放数据的分析平台,提出了交叉口尾气排放的空间分析方法,并对所收集的数据进行了对比分析。在此基础上,得到了交叉口处车辆各转向下的不同排放物的排放特征,计算了交叉口各转向相对于路段的排放系数,并对PEMS技术交叉口尾气排放进行了探讨。     

对中国综合风险管理机构体系建设的建议

在大量调研的基础上,分析了我国风险管理机构体系的现状和存在的问题,并以“统筹规划,专人负责,科学管理,共担风险”为原则,以梯形架构为理论基础,提出了对中国综合风险管理机构未来体系建设的一个建议,并对其进行了可行性分析。     

公共危机管理中的政府机构

公共危机状态下的管理,政府需要动员和统一调配多方面的资源,管理必须具有权威性,进行有效协调和快速行动,这就要求组建统一的领导指挥系统,通过综合协调部门和职能组织系统,最大限度地减少公共危机发生的可能性,或快速、有效地应对危机．最大限度地减少损失。指挥系统的建设公共危机给政府带来突发性、紧急性、危害性。急需要建立权威的、统一的领导指     

Effects of cerium on growth and physiological mechanism in plants under enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation

Effect of cerium （Ce^3＋） on the growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme system in rape seedlings （Brassica juncea L.） exposed to two levels of UV-B radiation （T1： 0.15 W/m^2 and T2：0.35 W/m^2） was studied by hydroponics under laboratory conditions. After 5 d of UV-B treatment, the aboveground growth indices were obviously decreased by 13.2%-44. 1%（T1） and 21.4%-49.3% （T2）, compared to CK, and except active absorption area of roots, the belowground indices by 14.1%-35.6%（T1） and 20.3%-42.6% （T2）. For Ce＋UV-B treatments, the aboveground and belowground growth indices were decreased respectively by 4.1%-23.6%, 5.2% -23.3%（Ce＋T1） and 10.8%-28.4%, 7.0%-27.8%（Ce＋T2）, lower than those of UV-B treatments. The decrease of growth indices appeared to be the result of changes of physiological processes. Two levels of UV-B radiation induced the decrease in chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency by 11.2%-25.9%（T1） and 20.9%- 56.9%（T2）, whereas increase in membrane permeability and activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase（SOD）, catalase （CAT） and peroxidase （POD） by 6.9%, 22.8%, 21.5%, 9.5%（T1） and 36.6%, 122.3%, 103.5%, 208.9%（T2）, respectively. The reduction of the photosynthetic parameters in Ce＋UV-B treatments was lessened to 3.2%-13.8%（Ce＋T1） and 4.9%-27.6%（Ce＋T2）, and the increase of membrane permeability and activities of antioxidant enzymes except POD in the same treatments were lessened to 2.4%, 8.4%, 6.6%（Ce＋T1） and 30.1%, 116.7%, 75.4%（Ce＋T2）. These results indicate that the regulative effect of Ce on photosynthesis and antioxidant enzymatic function is the ecophysiological basis of alleviating the suppression of UV-B radiation on growth of seedlings. Furthermore, the protective effect of Ce on seedlings exposed to TI level of UV-B radiation is superior to T2 level.     

风险感知、农业社会化服务与稻农生物农药技术采纳行为

在农业社会化服务体系不断完善的背景下,利用鄂、赣两省704户稻农的调查数据,采用二元Logit模型实证分析了风险感知和农业社会化服务对稻农生物农药技术采纳行为的影响.结果表明:(1)农户对生物农药技术的采用率较低,仍有55.54％的稻农未采用生物农药;(2)风险感知对稻农生物农药技术采纳行为存在显著影响,技术风险感知和市场风险感知越强的稻农,采用生物农药技术的可能性越小;(3)农业社会化服务对稻农生物农药技术采纳行为具有显著的正向作用,且能有效缓解风险感知对稻农生物农药技术采纳行为的抑制作用;(4)相较于规模户,农业社会化服务更能有效缓解市场风险感知对小农户采用生物农药技术的抑制作用,但对其技术风险感知的缓解作用则不明显.因此,在加大技术宣传和田间地头指导,完善农资市场和农产品市场体系,增加生物农药补贴力度以降低农户技术与市场风险感知的同时,有必要通过拓展农业社会化服务的服务内容和服务对象,优化小农户的农产品市场环境,以此促进生物农药技术的推广和应用.     

混合酸溶-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定粉煤灰样品中的微量元素镓

粉煤灰是我国最大的工业固体废弃物之一,准确测定粉煤灰中镓(Ga)的含量对实现粉煤灰的高附加值利用具有重要的意义.通常采用分光光度法测定粉煤灰样品中的Ga,需使用多种有机试剂,易造成环境污染.本文采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定Ga,不使用有机试剂.通过考察HNO_3、HCl、HF、HNO_3-HCl、HNO_3-HF-HClO_4、HNO_3-HF-HCl-HClO_4的溶样效果,确定使用HNO_3-HF-HClO_4溶解样品.本方法的检出限为0.0042μg·g~(-1),相对标准偏差为1.8%,加标回收率为95.4%—106.0%.方法简便、快速,应用于粉煤灰中Ga的分析,结果与X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)的测定值相符.     

Utilization of MSWI fly ash as partial cement or sand substitute with focus on cementing efficiency and health risk assessment

• Washed MSWI fly ash was used as partial cement or sand substitute. • Sand replacing is beneficial for strength, while cement replacement reduces strength. • Cementing efficiency factor and mortar pore structure explain the strength results. • Health risk assessment was conducted for MSWI fly ash blended cement mortar. • CR and HI contributed by different exposures and heavy metals were analyzed. The strength of cement substituted mortar decreases with the increase in fly ash amount, whereas the strength increases when the fly ash is blended as sand substitute. A mortar with highest strength (compressive strength= 30.2 Mpa; flexural strength= 7.0 Mpa) was obtained when the sand replacement ratio was 0.75%. The k value (cementing efficiency) of fly ash varied between 0.36 and 0.15 for the fly ash fraction in binder between 5% and 25%. The k values of fly ash used for sand replacement were all significantly above that used for cement substitution. The macropores assigned to the gaps between particles decreased when the fly ash was used as sand replacement, providing an explanation for the strength enhancement. The waste-extraction procedure (toxicity-sulphuric acid and nitric acid method (HJ/T 299-2007)) was used to evaluate metal leaching, indicating the reuse possibility of fly ash blended mortar. For the mortar with the mass ratio of fly ash to binder of 0.5%, the carcinogenic risks (CR) and non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) in sensitive scenario for blended mortar utilization were 9.66 × 10^-7 and 0.06, respectively; these results were both lower than the threshold values, showing an acceptable health risk. The CR (9.89 × 10^-5) and HQ (3.89) of the non-sensitive scenario for fly ash treatment exceeded the acceptable threshold values, indicating health risks to onsite workers. The main contributor to the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk is Cr and Cd, respectively. The CR and HQ from inhalation was the main route of heavy metal exposure.     

街道峡谷内汽车排放污染物浓度分布的观测与数值模拟

在上海某典型街道峡谷内按一定的空间布点,在一定时段内同时对各布点进行采样并做一氧化碳浓度分析,同时记录车辆种类、车流量、气象条件等,分析街道峡谷内污染物浓度的分布.运用风向频率加权(WDFW)方法,结合大气流动和污染物扩散的CFD模型进行数值模拟计算.结果表明,数值模拟结果和现场观测结果较吻合,建筑物低的一侧污染物浓度远高于建筑物高的一侧污染物浓度,两侧的污染物浓度随着高度的增加而降低.