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S. Serrao-Neumann F. Crick B. Harman M. Sano O. Sahin R. van Staden G. Schuch S. Baum D. Low Choy 《Regional Environmental Change》2014,14(2):489-500
Climate change impacts affecting coastal areas, such as sea-level rise and storm surge events, are expected to have significant social, economic and environmental consequences worldwide. Ongoing population growth and development in highly urbanised coastal areas will exacerbate the predicted impacts on coastal settlements. Improving the adaptation potential of highly vulnerable coastal communities will require greater levels of planning and policy integration across sectors and scales. However, to date, there is little evidence in the literature which demonstrates how climate policy integration is being achieved. This paper contributes to this gap in knowledge by drawing on the example provided by the process of developing cross-sectoral climate change adaptation policies and programmes generated for three coastal settlement types as part of the South East Queensland Climate Adaptation Research Initiative (SEQCARI), a 3-year multi-sectoral study of climate change adaptation options for human settlements in South East Queensland, Australia. In doing so, we first investigate the benefits and challenges to cross-sectoral adaptation to address climate change broadly and in coastal areas. We then describe how cross-sectoral adaptation policies and programmes were generated and appraised involving the sectors of urban planning and management, coastal management, emergency management, human health and physical infrastructure as part of SEQCARI. The paper concludes by discussing key considerations that can inform the development and assessment of cross-sectoral climate change adaptation policies and programmes in highly urbanised coastal areas. 相似文献
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Numerical simulation of smoke plumes from large oil fires 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kevin B. McGrattan Howard R. Baum Ronald G. Rehm 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》1996,30(24):4125-4136
A large eddy simulation (LES) model of smoke plumes generated by large outdoor pool fires is presented. The plume is described in terms of steady-state convective transport by a uniform ambient wind of heated gases and particulate matter introduced into a stably stratified atmosphere by a continuously burning fire. The Navier-Stokes equations in the Boussinesq approximation are solved numerically with a constant eddy viscosity representing dissipation on length scales below the resolution limits of the calculation. The effective Reynolds number is high enough to permit direct simulation of the large-scale mixing over two to three orders of magnitude in length scale. Particulate matter, or any non-reacting combustion ;product, is represented by Lagrangian particles which are advected by the fire-induced flow field. Background atmospheric motion is described in terms of the angular fluctuation of the prevailing wind, and represented by random perturbations to the mean particle paths. Results of the model are compared with two sets of field experiments. 相似文献
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The article quantifies the size of ‘hidden’ social costs that are incurred by forestry offsets in the voluntary market that
promise to offset present emissions sometime in the future. It does this by estimating the difference between the social costs
of carbon (C) emitted and of costs offset by removal of C from the atmosphere by reforestation/afforestation. All current
attempts to make forestry offsets more reliable focus on quality control rather than the mismatch of the timing of emissions
and their offset. Recommendations that follow from the analysis are twofold. First, that markets for carbon dioxide equivalent
(CO2e) removals by voluntary offsets should be confined to the annual incremental removals actually achieved. Second, the
promoters of voluntary offsets projects should declare the annual stream of carbon credits and debits expected so that buyers
can place a present value on such projects. 相似文献
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Recent Italian laws mandate the consideration of environmental factors in local plans, especially at the provincial level
of government. The plan for the province of Cremona in northern Italy illustrates the integration of the environment in provincial-level
planning. The Cremona plan was developed through an ecological planning approach that occurred from 1994 to 1998. As part
of this process, the planning team designed an environmental sustainability index. This index was integrated with an environmental
capability analysis. To improve the quality of the Cremona landscape, the planning team developed an ecological network. This
network seeks to weave together the natural areas of the province, especially by connecting provincial parks to regional river
parks throughout Lombardy. The experience of the Cremona provincial plan has implications for environmental management elsewhere
in Italy, Europe, and abroad. 相似文献
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Seth D. Baum William E. Easterling 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(6):591-609
Discounting is traditionally interpreted as the technique for comparing the values of costs and benefits which occur at different
points in time. It endeavors to incorporate how humans trade off values to be received in the future versus value received
immediately into economic analysis. Interpreted as such, discounting neglects important spatial influences on how values are
compared, thereby hindering cost-benefit analyses of climate change adaptation. In this article, we present new theory on
space-time discounting and use it to analyze aspects of how humans adapt to climate change. Three climate change adaptation
cases are considered. First, analysis of crop indemnity payments to farmers shows that failure to discount across space and
time yields inaccurate evaluations of adaptation projects. Second, adaptation efforts of the Commonwealth of Nations show
irregular patterns of international cooperation that suggest spatial discounting of adaptation which are not found in temporal
discounting. Third, the nexus between climate change, migration, and conflict shows how various forms of space-time discounting
can influence whether climate change and migration will lead to conflict. Collectively, these cases demonstrate the analytical
power of the space-time discounting theory and also show how the complexity of climate change adaptation can challenge and
strengthen this theory. Finally, this article’s analysis demonstrates that proper discounting must include space as well as
time. 相似文献
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In this study, seven soil and sedimentary humic acid samples were analyzed by synchronous scan fluorescence (SSF) spectroscopy. The spectra of these humic acids were compared to each other and characterized, based on three major SSF peaks centered at approximately 281, 367 and 470 nm. Intensity ratios were calculated based on these peaks that were used to numerically assist in source discrimination. All humic acid samples were then reacted with Ferrate(VI) and were again analyzed with SSF. Upon the addition of Ferrate(VI) SSF spectra were obtained which more readily differentiated humic acid source. This method will assist geochemists and water management districts in tracing sources of organic matter to receiving water bodies and may aid in the elucidation of the chemical nature of humic acids. 相似文献