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291.
George Kriek Nelson Lazear Verne Rhodes Joe Barnes John Bollmeier Jane Chen Chuang 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):1001-1008
ABSTRACT Emission factors for selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate material were developed during processing of commercial grades of polyamide 6, polyamide 66, and polyamide 66/6 resins. A small commercial-type extruder was used, and melt temperatures ranged from 475 to 550 °F. An emission factor was calculated for each substance measured and is reported as pounds released to the atmosphere per million pounds of polymer resin processed. Scaled to production volumes, these emission factors can be used by processors to estimate emission quantities from similar polyamide extrusion operations. 相似文献
292.
Sheue-Ling Hwang Guo-Feng Liang Jhih-Tsong Lin Yi-Jan Yau Tzu-Chung Yenn Chong-Cheng Hsu Chang-Fu Chuang 《Safety Science》2009,47(3):425-435
In order to increase system safety and team performance, this study aimed to develop a real-time warning model (RTWM) by assessing team response time, error rates, and mental workload. Toward this goal, the group method of data handling (GMDH) algorithm was applied to physiological indices to predict team performance. Then fuzzy logic, fuzzy inference and linguistic variable sets representing the Team Performance and Safety Index were applied to construct the RTWM. To model the RTWM, experiments were conducted on computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) in the personal computer transient analyzer (PCTRAN) simulator. The simulator and teamwork are designed to simulate the real tasks of the control room of the Fourth Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP) in Taiwan. In addition, important physiological parameters, the NASA-TLX questionnaire, team response time, and team error rates were collected from 39 participants. The results revealed that there was a significant positive correlation between the error rates of teamwork and the interval of event arrival time. This indicated that a pre-alarm device is necessary because vigilance decreased with time. Moreover, a predictive teamwork performance model applying the GMDH algorithm and the RTWM with a fuzzy inference system was developed in this study. The proposed model can efficiently predict teamwork performance to maintain appropriate mental workload as well as ensure system safety. 相似文献
293.
Christianna Peterson Mae Gustin Seth Lyman 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(30):4646-4654
Atmospheric elemental, reactive and particulate mercury (Hg) concentrations were measured north of downtown Reno, Nevada, USA from November 2004 to November 2007. Three-year mean and median concentrations for gaseous elemental Hg (Hg0) were 1.6 and 1.5 ng m−3 (respectively), similar to global mean Hg0 concentrations. The three-year mean reactive gaseous Hg (RGM) concentration (26 pg m−3) was higher than values reported for rural sites across the western United States. Well defined seasonal and daily patterns in Hg0 and RGM concentrations were observed, with the highest Hg0 concentrations measured in winter and early morning, and RGM concentrations being greatest in the summer and mid-afternoon. Elevated Hg0 concentrations in winter were associated with periods of cold, stagnant air; while a regularly observed early morning increase in concentration was due to local source and surface emissions. The observed afternoon increase and high summer values of RGM can be explained by in situ oxidation of gaseous Hg0 or mixing of RGM derived from the free troposphere to the surface. Because both of these processes are correlated with the same environmental conditions it is difficult to assess their overall contribution to the observed trends. 相似文献
294.
Chi-Yuan Lu Hui-Hsin Tseng Ming-Yen Wey Kui-Hao Chuang Jia-Hong Kuo 《Journal of environmental management》2009
This study investigated the use of Cu/Al2O3, Co/Al2O3, Fe/Al2O3, and Ni/Al2O3 catalysts for the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). These CNTs were used as support for Co catalyst preparation and Co/CNT catalysts were applied to a catalytic reaction to remove BTEX, PAHs, SO2, NO, and CO simultaneously in a pilot-scale incineration system. The analyzed results of EDS and XRD showed low metal content and good dispersion characteristics of the Al2O3-supported catalysts by excess-solution impregnation. FESEM analyzed results showed that the CNTs that were synthesized from Co, Fe, and Ni catalysts had a diameter of 20 nm, whereas those synthesized from Cu/Al2O3 had a diameter of 50 nm. Pilot-scale test results demonstrated that the Co/CNT catalyst effectively removed air pollutants in the catalytic reaction and that there was no obvious deactivation by Pb, water vapor, and coke deposited in the process. The thermal stabilization at 250 °C and hydrophobicity properties of CNTs enhanced the application of CNT catalysts in flue gas. 相似文献
295.
Best management practices are often used to mitigate nutrient exports from agricultural systems. The effectiveness of these measures can vary depending on the natural attributes of the land in question (e.g., soil type, slope, and drainage class). In this paper we use a Bayesian Network to combine experiential data (expert opinion) and experimental data to compare farm-scale management for different high-rainfall cropping farms in the Hamilton region of southern Australia. In the absence of appropriate data for calibration, the network was tested against various scenarios in a predictive and in a diagnostic way. In general, the network suggests that transport factors related to total surface water (i.e., surface and near surface interflow) runoff, which are largely unrelated to Site Variables, have the biggest effect on N exports. Source factors, especially those related to fertilizer applications at planting, also appear to be important. However, the effects of fertilizer depend on when runoff occurs, and, of the major factors under management control, only the Fertilizer Rate at Sowing had a notable effect. When used in a predictive capacity, the network suggests that, compared with other scenarios, high N loads are likely when fertilizer applications at sowing and runoff coincide. In this paper we have used a Bayesian Network to describe many of the dependencies between some of the major factors affecting N exports from high rainfall cropping. This relatively simple approach has been shown to be a useful tool for comparing management practices in data-poor environments. 相似文献
296.
Seth N. Lyman Mae S. Gustin Eric M. Prestbo 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(2):246-252
This paper reports on the development of a passive sampler for estimating gaseous oxidized mercury concentrations. Atmospheric gaseous oxidized mercury concentrations calculated from passive sampler data were correlated with those obtained using an automated analyzer (r2 = 0.71, p < 0.01, n = 110 for one-week deployments; r2 = 0.89, p < 0.01, n = 22 for two-week deployments). Sampler uptake was not significantly affected by changes in temperature, humidity, or ozone concentration, but it was slightly dependent on wind speed. As such, an equation for correcting data due to this factor was developed based on wind tunnel and field data. The detection limit for a two-week sampler deployment was ~5 pg m?3. Field data collected in Nevada and the southeastern United States showed these samplers are useful for investigating spatial and temporal variability in gaseous oxidized mercury concentrations. 相似文献
297.
In this study we investigate how thermal power plants with once-through cooling could be affected by future climate change
impacts on river water temperatures and stream flow. We introduce a model of a steam turbine power plant with once-through
cooling at a river site and simulate how its production could be constrained in scenarios ranging from a one degree to a five
degree increase of river temperature and a 10–50% decrease of stream flow. We apply the model to simulate a large nuclear
power plant in Central Europe. We calculate annual average load reductions, which can be up to 11.8%, assuming unchanged stream
flow, which leads to average annual income losses of up to 80 million €. Considering simultaneous changes in stream flow will
exacerbate the problem and may increase average annual costs to 111 million € in a worst-case scenario. The model demonstrates
that power generation could be severely constrained by typical climate impacts, such as increasing river temperatures and
decreasing stream flow. 相似文献
298.
299.
根据流动电位与ζ电位的关系,设计研制了一台测定滤料表面流动电位的装置,并测定了石英砂、核桃壳、沸石滤料的流动电位.研究滤料流动电位的稳定时间及压差对稳定时间的影响,并讨论电解质溶液pH值对滤料流动电位的影响.结果表明,1)pH=7.0、压差为2 cm水柱时,石英砂、核桃壳和沸石流动电位的稳定时间分别为45 min、60 min和120 min;2)压差越大,各滤料流动电位的稳定时间越短,因此在保证水流流态为层流条件下,应尽量在大压差条件下测定流动电位;3)随着电解质溶液pH值的升高,各滤料流动电位由正值向负值转变,其中石英砂滤料的等电点约在pH=5.0,核桃壳和沸石滤料约在pH=3.0.可见,研究滤料表面的流动电位对提高过滤效率以及开发改性滤料十分重要. 相似文献
300.
Cadle SH Ayala A Black KN Fulper CR Graze RR Minassian F Murray HB Natarajan M Tennant CJ Lawson DR;Coordinating Research Council 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2007,57(2):139-145
The Coordinating Research Council held its 16th workshop in March 2006, with 83 presentations describing the most recent mobile source-related emissions research. In this paper, we summarize the presentations from researchers who are engaged in improving our understanding of the contribution of mobile sources to air quality. Participants in the workshop discussed evaluation of in-use emissions control programs, effects of fuels on emissions, emission models and emission inventories, results from gas- and particle-phase emissions studies from spark-ignition and diesel-powered vehicles, and efforts to improve our capabilities in performing on-board emissions measurements, as well as topics for future research. 相似文献