Trace metals in different species of mollusca, water and sediments from Taiwan coastal area

Since October 1994, a long-term program of Asia/Pacific Mussel Watch: Taiwan Regional Studies has been carried out. The results indicate that trace metal contents in mollusca varied among 30 different species and the environments (water and sediments) along the Taiwan coast. The orders of bioaccumulation of trace metals in mollusca were: Cu (over 200 microg/g), Thais clavigera > Isognomon legumen > Clibanarius rivescens > Crassostrea gigas; Zn (over 700 microg/g), Moruta granulata > C. gigas > Asiatica cypraea arabica > T. clavigera; Cd (over 5 microg/g), Trochus hanleyanus > Acanthopleura japonica > Nerita albicilla > Patella flexuosa; Pb (over 2 microg/g), P. flexuosa > C. gigas > T. hanleyanus > T. clavigera > C. gigas > Capiyulum mitella; Ni (over 10 microg/g), Meretrix lusoria > Philine sp. > Littoraria scabra > Tridacna squamosa > T. hanleyanus; Cr (over 30 microg/g), Littoraria undulata > T. hanleyanus > N. albicilla > Nerita chamaelor > M. granulata; As (over 20 microg/g), Perna viridis > L. scabra; and Sn (over 5 microg/g), P. viridis > L. undulata> C. mitella> C. gigas. Their seasonal and regional variations as well as their correlation are evaluated and discussed.     

The Reuse of Urban and Industrial Waste in Tai-Lin-Pu Reclamation Project, Taiwan

This study introduces the principles of KMG's (Kaoshiung Municipal Government) dealing with the non-poisonous urban and industrial waste through reclamation of shore land in reinforcing a sense of coastal protection and land development in Tai-Lin-Pu coastal area, southern Taiwan.

Through a series of experimental studies, we found that substitutes of coarse aggregate with a broad spectrum of integrating slag powder, fly ash, and cementitious material can be obtained with a benefit up to 80% saving of cement. the integrated aggregates from the non-poisonous industrial wastes were subsequently made into armour units and used in the field tests at Tai-Lin-Pu coastal area, where the shorelines are seriously eroded. After being subjected to several severe typhoon advents, the results showed that the waste-made units used as the protection breakwater, together with construction wastes and excavated soil as the filling material, prove to be an effective practice in utilizing recycled urban waste to reclaim erosive shore lands. Moreover, this study also demonstrates that through detailed analysis of the waste characteristics, scrap material could be turned into valuable construction aggregates, and highlights the value of non-poisonous urban and industrial waste as a alternative resource for the shore protection engineering.     

Ensemble predictions and perceptions of risk, uncertainty, and error in flood forecasting

Under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organization, there are a number of international initiatives to promote the development and use of so-called ensemble prediction systems (EPS) for flood forecasting. The campaign to apply these meteorological techniques to flood forecasting raises important questions about how the probabilistic information these systems provide can be used for what in operational terms is typically a binary decision of whether or not to issue a flood warning. To explore these issues, we report on the results of a series of focus group discussions conducted with operational flood forecasters from across Europe on behalf of the European Flood Alert System. Working in small groups to simulate operational conditions, forecasters engaged in a series of carefully designed forecasting exercises using various different combinations of actual data from real events. Focus group data was supplemented by a follow-up questionnaire survey exploring how flood forecasters understand risk, uncertainty, and error. Results suggest that flood forecasters may not instinctively use ensemble predictions in the way that promoters of EPS perhaps think they should. The paper concludes by exploring the implications of these divergent ‘epistemic cultures’ for efforts to apply ensemble prediction techniques developed in the context of weather forecasting to the rather different one of flood forecasting.     

柠条的营养成分动态变化分析

试验结果表明,柠条锦鸡儿叶片中的粗脂肪、粗蛋白、钙磷含量最高,其次为花,最差的是枝条,叶片中的粗纤维含量较低,是家畜优质的饲料。中间锦鸡儿种子中的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量也很高。柠条的粗蛋白、吸附水以及磷的含量基本上以5月初为最高,从7月底到10月初呈下降趋势;粗纤维、粗灰分、钙、无氮浸出物含量从5月初到10月初逐渐增加。2年生柠条样品的粗脂肪含量10月初达到最高,而多年生柠条样品的粗脂肪含量则5月初为最高。随着生长年限的延长,粗蛋白、粗脂肪、无氮浸出物、吸附水、钙磷含量逐年下降,而粗纤维、粗灰分含量逐年增加,适口性下降。     

二氧化氯对不同微生物的灭活特性及其对群落结构特征的影响

二氧化氯是一种性能优良、应用广泛的消毒剂,可通过破坏细胞或病毒的组成结构、阻碍细胞代谢等方式实现微生物灭活。在自配水条件下,以二氧化氯投加量×消毒时间计算,二氧化氯剂量在15（mg·min）/L时,可实现对常见病毒（包括肠病毒71型、大肠杆菌噬菌体MS2等）3 log以上灭活率,在60（mg·min）/L时,可实现对常见细菌（包括大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等）1.5 log以上灭活率,但灭活隐孢子虫卵则需要更高的剂量（如1.9 log灭活率可能需约600（mg·min）/L剂量）;在实际污水厂进水中,30（mg·min）/L二氧化氯剂量只能分别实现0.8 log和0.5 log的大肠杆菌和总大肠菌群灭活率。二氧化氯消毒效果随温度升高显著提升,对于不同微生物,pH的变化对二氧化氯消毒效果的影响可能存在不同,而水中的有机物通常会因消耗二氧化氯而降低消毒效果,但在自然水体中也存在由于天然有机物可能的影响导致消毒效果优于自配水的情况。关于二氧化氯消毒后细菌群落结构的变化研究不多,仅有少量研究涉及市政污水、再生水、饮用水等。二氧化氯消毒一定时间后,悬浮态和生物膜上的微生物均可能出现再生长现象,但再生长过程中这些残生细菌的群落结构变化及其生长分泌特性仍有待研究。     

浅析盐雾环境对火工药剂安定性能的影响

目的 获取海洋生态环境条件下火工药剂性能变化的规律,开展火工药剂在盐雾环境中的安定性试验研究,以保障火工药剂的可靠性。方法 通过SEM成像技术和X–射线衍射技术表征2种典型起爆药叠氮化铅(Lead Azide,LA)和斯蒂芬酸铅(Lead Styphnate,LS)在盐雾试验前后微观形貌及组分的变化,并结合DSC热分析技术,从热分解动力学角度,开展火工药剂在盐雾环境影响下失效机理的研究。结果 在盐雾环境应力的影响下,LA的长柱状晶体结构发生脆化,层裂成不规则的小片状晶型,且随着盐雾试验时间的增加,LA的热分解反应峰会逐渐前移,试验后产物组分只有Pb(OH)Cl,其本质安定性显著下降。LS受盐雾环境应力的影响,其棱柱状晶体结构会层裂为小片状晶型,且部分LS分解形成Pb₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂,导致其安定性降低。结论 2种典型火工药剂LA和LS受盐雾环境应力因素的影响,都会发生失效分解反应,与LA相比,LS在盐雾环境下具有更加稳定的安定性能。     

河口前置库系统在滆湖富营养化控制中的应用研究

通过对建立在滆湖西北部夏溪河与扁担河汇合进入滆湖湖口处的前置库系统进行研究,结果表明前置库系统对入湖河流中氮、磷和藻类的去除作用明显。在稳定运行期内,可将劣Ⅴ类进水水质提高至Ⅲ～Ⅳ类,ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)也分别由1.21～3.09和0.05～0.24 mg.L-1降至0.62～1.26和0.03～0.09 mg.L-1,平均去除率均约为60%;对藻类,ρ(Chl-a)则由15.10～126.07降至4.32～42.95 mg.m-3,平均去除率为(67.55±3.06)%,最高可达82.82%。此外,在前置库系统的不同分区,调蓄缓冲区对TN、TP和Chl-a的去除作用均比较明显,与其他分区之间差异显著(P0.05);在同一分区,对于不同水质指标,仅有生态稳定区对Chl-a的去除作用明显,且与对TN、TP的去除作用之间存在显著差异(P0.05)。     

新型调理剂CTB-2污泥堆肥的氧气时空变化特征研究

采用新型CTB-2调理剂与城市污泥进行堆肥,研究了堆肥过程中氧气、温度的时空变化特征。结果表明,m（CTB-2调理剂）：m（污泥）=1：2能够有效降低污泥容重,改善堆体结构;堆体能够快速升温至高温期并持续7d以上,最终完成无害化;采用该比例的调理剂能够保证堆体的通风供氧,使堆体各层通风后的氧气体积分数都恢复至19％以上,最低氧气体积分数维持在数17％以上;堆肥过程中堆体的氧气体积分数、耗氧速率和温度都具有明显的层次效应,堆体耗氧速率呈先升高后降低的趋势,堆体通风后的氧气和最低氧气体积分数均随着堆肥的进行而增加。     

类Fenton反应对偶氮染料橙黄Ⅱ的脱色研究

以橙黄Ⅱ染料溶液为研究对象，通过正交实验确定了Fe-NTA／H2O2构成的类Fenton反应中各影响因子的最佳操作条件为：[H2O2]=20mmol／L，[Fe-NTA]=2．5mmol／L．pH=3。同时考察了反应时间、溶液pH值、H2O2浓度、Fe-NTA浓度对脱色效率的影响。实验表明脱色反应在30min内基本完成，类Fenton试剂能在较宽的pH范围内保持较好的脱色效果，而且在pH=6时，类Fenton试剂比传统Fenton试剂的脱色效率提高约75％。增加双氧水浓度可以提高橙黄Ⅱ溶液脱色率，但超过20mmol／L后效果提高不明显。在0．5～2．5mmol／L的范围内，Fe—NTA浓度对脱色效果的影响不显著。