Phytotoxicity and groundwater impacts of leaching from thermal treatment residues in roadways

The use of coal fly ash (CFA), municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash (MSWIBA) and flue gas desulfurization residue (FGDR) in road construction has become very common owing to its economical advantages. However, these residues may contain toxic constituents that pose an environmental risk if they leach out and flow through the soil, surface water and groundwater. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the ecotoxicity and groundwater impact of these residues before decisions can be made regarding their utilization for road construction. In this study, the physico-chemical characteristics, leaching and phytotoxicity of these residues were investigated. Specifically, multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the contributions of the leaching constituents of the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR leachates to the germination index of wheat seeds. B, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe and Pb were found to be more toxic to the wheat seeds than the other heavy metals. Furthermore, the leached concentrations of the constituents from the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR were below the regulatory threshold limits of the Chinese identification standard for hazardous wastes. Analyses conducted using a numerical groundwater model (WiscLEACH) indicated that the predicted field concentrations of metals from the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR increased with time up to about 30 years at the point of compliance, then decreased with time and distance. Overall, this study demonstrated that the risks resulting from MSWIBA, CFA and FGDR leaching could be assessed before its utilization for road construction, providing crucial information for the adoption of these alternative materials.     

Insights into the formation of secondary organic carbon in the summertime in urban Shanghai

To investigate formation mechanisms of secondary organic carbon(SOC) in Eastern China,measurements were conducted in an urban site in Shanghai in the summer of 2015. A period of high O_3 concentrations(daily peak 120 ppb) was observed, during which daily maximum SOC concentrations exceeding 9.0 μg/(C·m~3). Diurnal variations of SOC concentration and SOC/organic carbon(OC) ratio exhibited both daytime and nighttime peaks. The SOC concentrations correlated well with O_x(= O_3+ NO_2) and relative humidity in the daytime and nighttime, respectively, suggesting that secondary organic aerosol formation in Shanghai is driven by both photochemical production and aqueous phase reactions. Single particle mass spectrometry was used to examine the formation pathways of SOC. Along with the daytime increase of SOC, the number fraction of elemental carbon(EC) particles coated with OC quickly increased from 38.1% to 61.9% in the size range of 250–2000 nm, which was likely due to gas-to-particle partitioning of photochemically generated semi-volatile organic compounds onto EC particles. In the nighttime, particles rich in OC components were highly hygroscopic, and number fraction of these particles correlated well with relative humidity and SOC/OC nocturnal peaks. Meanwhile, as an aqueous-phase SOC tracer, particles that contained oxalate-Fe(III) complex also peaked at night. These observations suggested that aqueous-phase processes had an important contribution to the SOC nighttime formation. The influence of aerosol acidity on SOC formation was studied by both bulk and single particle level measurements, suggesting that the aqueous-phase formation of SOC was enhanced by particle acidity.     

Alkali resistance promotion of Ce-doped vanadium-titanic-based NH3-SCR catalysts

The effect of K deactivation on V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 and Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 catalysts in the selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NOxby NH_3 was studied.Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 showed significantly higher resistance to K deactivation than V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2.Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 with K/V = 4(molar ratio) showed 90% NOxconversion at 350°C,whereas in this case V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 showed no activity.The fresh and K-poisoned V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 and Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 catalysts were investigated by means of in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS),NH_3-temperature progress decomposition(NH_3-TPD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and H2-temperature program reduction(H_2-TPR).The effect of Ce doping on the improving resistance to K of V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 were discussed.     

A comparison of chemical MSW compositional data between China and Denmark

Chemical waste compositions are important for municipal solid waste management, as they determine the pollution potentials from different waste strategies. A representative dataset for chemical characteristics of individual waste fractions is frequently required to assess chemical waste composition, but it is usually reported in developed countries and not in developing countries. In this study, a dataset for Chinese waste was established through careful data screening and assessment, named as CN dataset. Meanwhile, a dataset for Danish waste (DK dataset) was also summarized based on previous studies. In order to quantitatively evaluate the reliabilities of CN and DK datasets, the chemical waste compositions in four Chinese cities were estimated by utilizing both of them, respectively. It is indicated that the usage of CN datasets led to significantly lower discrepancies from the actual values based on laboratory analysis in most cases. Within the datasets, the moisture contents of food waste, paper, textiles, and plastics, the carbon content of food waste, as well as the oxygen content of plastics would induce significant divergences, which should be paid special attention when gathering the information. In addition, the fractional waste compositions in China showed similar features with other developing countries but differ significantly with developed countries. Thus the above-mentioned conclusions could also be true in other developing countries.     

硫自养反硝化过程中含硫副产物产生规律及微生物群落结构的空间分布

为探究硫自养反硝化过程中含硫副产物的产生规律,建立了上流式硫自养固定床生物反应器,考察HRT（水力停留时间）对水中NO₃--N去除的影响,运用零级和1/2级反应动力学模型对NO₃--N还原过程进行拟合,通过测定与理论计算分析含硫副产物的产生趋势及规律,利用高通量测序技术（high-throughput sequencing）测定微生物群落结构空间分布特征.结果表明:①当进水NO₃--N浓度为（30.45±0.38）mg/L,HRT为4和1 h时,NO₃--N去除率达到98%以上.硫自养反硝化过程符合1/2级反应动力学模型,1/2K_1/2V（1/2级反应动力学速率常数）为5.69 mg1/2/（L1/2·h）.②出水SO₄2-的产生量接近理论值,S2-在反应器中部出现微量的积累,在出水口处浓度进一步降低（< 0.5 mg/L）.③HRT的缩短改变了反应器内部微生物群落α多样性的变化规律;Proteobacteria成为了最主要的优势菌群,各阶段所占比例均大于59%,Sulfurimonas为最常见的反硝化菌,在HRT为1 h时,反应器中部其丰度达到36%,成为反应器中的优势菌属;Desulfurella为SRB（硫酸盐还原菌）,其丰度的增加与反应器内部S2-的积累一致.研究显示,硫自养反硝化过程中产生的SO₄2-与理论值接近,S2-产生量沿反应器高度方向呈现先增加后降低的趋势,微生物群落结构分布情况与反应器高度有关.      

浸渍-煅烧法改性凹凸棒石对模拟废水中磷的吸附特性

为提升凹凸棒石对水溶液中磷的吸附性能,以凹凸棒石、氢氧化铝、熟石灰为原料,采用浸渍-煅烧法制备ATP-IA（改性凹凸棒石）.通过吸附磷试验,探讨ATP-IA吸附性能以及投加量对吸附效果的影响;利用SEM（扫描电镜）、XRD（X射线衍射光谱）、XRF（X射线荧光光谱）和FTIR（傅里叶转换红外光谱）对ATP-IA表征,并结合吸附动力学、热力学和等温吸附试验探讨ATP-IA吸附磷机制.结果表明,ATP-IA平衡吸附容量为26.34 mg/g（凹凸棒石的平衡吸附量为0.88 mg/g）,对磷的去除率可以达到99.36%;表征结果表明,改性可使部分凹凸棒石转变为钙沸石,改性能脱除凹凸棒石晶体内的结晶水,使凹凸棒石比表面积显著提升;动力学试验表明,ATP-IA吸附磷过程符合准二级动力学方程,说明ATP-IA吸附磷过程中反应控速步骤为化学反应;等温吸附试验结果符合Freundlich方程,表明吸附为多分子层不均匀吸附;热力学分析表明,ATP-IA吸附磷属于自发进行的吸热过程,且同时包含物理吸附和化学吸附.研究显示,浸渍-煅烧法改性会改变凹凸棒石部分理化性质,能显著提高凹凸棒石对磷的去除率及平衡吸附容量.      

Energy-saving benefits from plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: perspectives based on real-world measurements

Promoting plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) is one important option to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants for road transportation sector. In 2015, more than 220,000 new PHEVs were registered across the world, indicating a 25-fold growth during 2011–2015. However, more criticizes have been put forward against the current energy efficiency regulations for vehicles that are mostly depended on laboratory measurements. To better understand the real-world energy-saving and emission mitigation benefits from PHEVs, we conducted on-road testing experiments under various operating conditions for two in-use PHEVs in Beijing, China. Our results indicate that air condition usage, congested traffic conditions, and higher loading mass could significantly increase energy consumption and shorten actual all-electric distance for PHEVs. For example, the worst case (14.1 km) would occur under harshest usage conditions, which is lower by at least 35% than the claimed range over 20 km. In charge sustaining (CS) mode, real-world fuel consumption also presents a large range from 3.5 L/100 km to 6.3 L/100 km because of varying usage conditions. Furthermore, various vehicle users have significantly different travel profiles, which would lead to large heterogeneity of emission mitigation benefits among individual PHEV adopters. Therefore, this study suggests that the global policy makers should use real-world energy efficiency of emerging electrified powertrain techniques as criteria to formulate relevant regulations and supportive policies.     

炼化企业防恐脆弱性评估指标体系构建及评估方法探讨

脆弱性评估是企业防恐风险评估的关键环节。结合炼化企业装置设施特征,建立了以易损性、敏感性、承灾能力以及应急能力等4项一级指标、17项二级指标的防恐脆弱性评估指标体系,采用模糊层次分析法进行了防恐脆弱性半定量化评估,并根据评估结果提出了某炼化企业关键资产的安保策略改进方向。     

化工物料包装过程静电危害分析

高绝缘化工物料在包装过程中极易带电,以聚酯切片包装为研究对象,对聚酯切片在输送、包装过程物料静电起电机理进行了分析,并对聚酯切片输送包装过程中的包装袋表面电位及物料荷质比进行现场检测,探讨了聚酯切片打包过程中静电危害及预防措施。     

丰枯水期鄱阳湖表层水中羟基自由基浓度及其抗生素净化作用研究

鄱阳湖位于我国农业大省江西省,表层湖水中羟基自由基(HO·)引发的水体光化学反应,可能对流域内的农业污染物—抗生素具有潜在的净化作用.因此,本研究以氙灯模拟太阳光测得鄱阳湖及周边河流羟基自由基表观光量子产率(ΦHO·),在丰水期为(0.57~10.33)×10~(-5),枯水期为(0.45~3.52)×10~(-5).丰水期溶解态有机物(DOM)对HO·形成的贡献率为85.8%~98.7%,枯水期为58.5%~97.6%,表明DOM是HO·形成的主导物质.可能由于水体混合均匀,丰水期除抚河水体可能有其特殊的化学组成外,其它湖泊与河流的水化学组成接近,表现出随溶解态有机碳含量升高,ΦHO·呈先增大后减小的现象.枯水期水体各化学组成含量显著高于丰水期,光屏蔽与淬灭可能起主要作用,只有当NO_2~-含量较高时才显示出对HO·形成的贡献.依据太阳光强可得鄱阳湖丰水期及枯水期表层水HO·的稳态浓度分别为9.51×10~(-16)与4.92×10~(-17)mol·L~(-1),湖水中5种抗生素在HO·作用下的半衰期分别为2.3~13.9 d与44.5~268.7 d,丰水期鄱阳湖表现出更高的光化学净化能力.