壬基酚对羊角月牙藻的毒性效应研究

为研究壬基酚（NP）对淡水微藻的毒性效应特点,选取模式生物羊角月牙藻（Selenastrum capricornutum）为受试对象,设置5个暴露处理浓度：0.1,0.3,0.6,0.9,1.2mg/L.观察并测定羊角月牙藻的生长情况、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量等指标,并通过植物光合效率仪测定叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数,分析NP对光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）的影响.结果表明,NP限制羊角月牙藻生长的96h EC50为0.979mg/L;NP处理浓度为0.3mg/L时,可以对羊角月牙藻生长产生抑制效应,与对照组相比,主要光合色素（叶绿素）含量下降,MDA含量显著增加,过氧化氢酶（CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性显著上升,最大光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）显著下降,ABS/RC（单位反应中心吸收光能）显著上升,DI0/RC（单位反应中心耗散能量）、ET0/RC（单位反应中心捕获用于电子传递的能量）、TR0/RC（反应中心用于还原QA的能量）也随之升高;当处理浓度≥0.9mg/L后,CAT和SOD活性、TR0/RC显著下降,DI0/RC显著升高,表明PSⅡ受到损伤.由此可知,NP能够破坏膜系统完整性、诱发抗氧化系统响应并造成PSⅡ损伤,降低光能转化效率,对羊角月牙藻具有毒性效应,对水域生态系统具有潜在风险.     

污染场地总石油类馏分分段法风险评估

在对某汽车工业污染场地开展土壤与地下水环境调查的基础上,根据《污染场地风险评估技术导则》中的推荐模型,采用馏分分段法对总石油类进行风险评估研究。结果表明,1)该场地主要污染物为总石油类,土壤污染物中C12~C16脂肪烃的非致癌危害商在敏感用地和非敏感用地两种用地方式下均大于1,地下水污染物中C8~C10脂肪烃、C12~C16脂肪烃、C16~C21脂肪烃、C21~C34脂肪烃、C21~C35芳香烃的非致癌危害商在两种用地方式下均远大于1;2)敏感用地方式下,土壤中总石油类的修复限值为1 023.92mg/kg,地下水中总石油类的修复限值为1.805 mg/L;3)非敏感用地方式下,土壤中总石油类修复限值为3 292.92 mg/kg,地下水中总石油类的修复限值为11.457 mg/L。     

生物法-人工湿地工艺处理采油废水及其有机物的降解特性

采用水解酸化-好氧-人工湿地和水解酸化-人工湿地2种工艺流程处理油田某联合处理站经隔油、混凝处理的采油废水,并运用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)技术研究采油废水处理过程中有机物的迁移降解规律.结果表明,水解酸化(水力停留时间HRT=20 h)好-氧(HRT=10 h人)-工湿地(HRT=2 d)与水解酸化(HRT=20 h人)-工湿地(HRT=4 d),2种工艺的出水水质都能达到COD≤80 mg/L、NH+4-N≤15 mg/L.GC-MS分析结果表明,水解酸化能显著改善采油废水的可生化性,好氧及人工湿地对含苯环类有机污染物处理效果显著.     

A possible in situ 3H and 3He source in Earth’s interior: an alternative explanation of origin of 3He in deep Earth

Origin of ³He in the Earth is a mystery. Lacking a production mechanism, scientists assume ³He was trapped in the Earth, when the Earth was formed. In contrast to this assumption, we have found ³He and ³H concentrations in excess of the atmospheric values in the deep waters of the volcanic Lakes Pavin (France), Laacher (Germany) and Nemrut (Turkey). This paper reports the result of finding ³H in these three volcanic lakes that appear to originate from the mantle. Because ³H has a half-life of 12.3 years, this ³H and the resulting ³He must have formed recently in the mantle and not be part of a primordial reservoir. The nuclear reactions that generate tritium might be a source of “missing” energy in the interior of the Earth.     

分析裂解技术在砂型铸造空气污染控制中的应用研究

采用分析裂解技术模拟砂型铸造过程中原材料的热解过程,并采用GC-FID/MS等对分析裂解产生的挥发性有机物与危险性空气污染物进行了分析.通过与实际铸造过程中产生的空气污染物的对比发现,分析裂解与实际铸造过程中产生的空气污染物在种类与构成上都十分相似,主要由苯、甲苯和酚组成.此外,采用分析裂解技术比较不同原材料的空气污染物产生量,可以准确地预测使用不同原材料进行铸造生产时的空气污染物相对变化趋势.分析裂解与实际铸造的空气污染物检测结果均表明,与传统的酚醛树脂黏合剂相比,采用新型的无萘型酚醛树脂黏合剂进行铸造,可减少50%以上的多环芳烃污染物;采用动物蛋白质胶型黏合剂可减少90%以上的危险性空气污染物.与传统的在试验性铸造厂进行小规模实际铸造,并对空气污染物进行检测以获取原材料空气污染物清单的方法相比,分析裂解技术可以更为快速和准确地建立原材料的空气污染物清单,比较不同原材料的空气污染物的相对变化趋势,从而为铸造企业选用合适的清洁原材料以及新型清洁原材料的研究和改进提供理论指导和科学依据.     

双酚A和邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯在纸类上的吸附特性研究

采用序批式实验,考察了报纸对双酚A(BPA)和邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DnBP)的吸附能力,用Freundlich、Langmuir、Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)、Flory-Huggins(F-H)、BET、Temkin 6种吸附等温线模型对实验数据进行了拟合.并选择了回归系数(R2)、均方根差(RMSE)和卡方检验(X2检验)3种非线性回归方法评价了模型拟合度.结果表明,Freundlich和Temkin吸附等温线模型能很好地描述BPA和DnBP在纸类表面的吸附,BPA和DnBP的R2均大于0.95(P<0.01),RMSE和X2分别小于0.05和0.02;吸附能力与吸附质的疏水性呈正相关.由D-R和F-H吸附等温线模型拟合结果可知,BPA和DnBP的吸附平均自由能分别为1.484和1.609 kJ/mol;Gibbs自由能分别为-6.559和-7.021 kJ/mol.说明BPA和DnBP在纸类上的吸附为自发的物理吸附.BPA和DnBP在纸类上的Freundlich吸附常数k分别为0.147和0.502 mg(1-n)·L"·g-1,均高于文献报道的底泥等的吸附常数,说明生活垃圾填埋场中纸类会阻碍BPA和DnBP的迁移和生物可利用性.     

显色环保型融雪剂的研制

研究开发显色环保型融雪剂,添加了缓蚀剂和对植物生长有益的植物钙剂,能够减少对金属、路面、植物等的腐蚀,并根据融雪剂颜色的变化,控制融雪剂用量。试验结果表明：显色环保型融雪剂使用量在20 g以下时,融冰量随着融冰时间的增加而增加,融冰量在融冰时间80分钟左右达到最大值,80分钟以后融冰量随着融冰时间的增加而减少,最佳融冰比为1：5（1份融雪剂：5份冰）。三种融雪剂的融冰效果为：自制融雪剂〉市售融雪剂〉氯化钠,且自制融雪剂对金属的腐蚀性小,对植物的生长基本没有影响。     

Effect of wastewater composition on the calcium carbonate precipitation in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors

Calcium carbonate often precipitates in anaerobic reactors treating wastewater with high calcium content. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of wastewater composition on calcium carbonate precipitation in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. Two laboratory-scale UASB reactors were operated with calcium-containing influents using acetate and carbohydrate as substrate, respectively. There was an obvious accumulation of inorganic precipitate observed in the biogranules. Observations via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) showed that the acclimated biogranules in the two reactors differed in microstructure. Calcium carbonate was found to have precipitated on the surface of acetate-degrading biogranules, but precipitated at the core of the carbohydrate-degrading biogranules. The results indicated that substrates had significant influence on the location of calcium carbonate precipitation in anaerobic granular sludge, which was expected due to the different methanogens distribution and pH gradient within the granular sludge degrading various substrates. Moreover, the location of calcium carbonate precipitation substantially affected the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) of the granular sludge. The SMA of the acetate-degrading biogranules dropped from $ 1.96 gCOD_{CH_4 } \cdot gVSS^{ - 1} \cdot d^{ - 1} $ 1.96 gCOD_{CH_4 } \cdot gVSS^{ - 1} \cdot d^{ - 1} to $ 0.61 gCOD_{CH_4 } \cdot gVSS^{ - 1} \cdot d^{ - 1} $ 0.61 gCOD_{CH_4 } \cdot gVSS^{ - 1} \cdot d^{ - 1} after 180-d of operation in the reactor. However, the SMA of the carbohydrate-degrading biogranules was not adversely affected by calcium carbonate precipitation.     

Preparation of ceria-zirconia solid solution with enhanced oxygen storage capacity and redox performance

A new method called ultrasonic-assisted membrane reaction (UAMR) was reported for the fabrication of ceria-zirconia solid solution. A series of ceria-zirconia solid solutions with different Ce/Zr molar ratios were prepared by the UAMR method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ adsorption, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The UAMR method proved to be superior, especially when the Ce/Zr molar ratio was lower than 1, in fabricating ceria-zirconia solid solutions with large BET surface area, high oxygen storage capacity (OSC), and low reduction temperature.     

Experimental study on drying and moisture re-adsorption kinetics of an Indonesian low rank coal

The drying kinetics of an Indonesian low rank coal and moisture re-adsorption of the dried coal using a thermobalance and a climatic chamber were investigated. Results show that the drying kinetics is best represented by two stages, as a constatnt rate stage followed by a rate decay stage. The water removal rate is dependent mainly on drying temperature and coal sample size. The apparent activation energy (E) of drying was 26.58 kJ/mol. A rate equation for drying of the coal was obtained from the experimental data. The moisture re-adsorption rate was dependent on drying temperature, coal particle size, and relative humidity of the atmosphere.