Space-time modeling for the Missouri Turkey Hunting Survey

The Missouri Turkey Hunting Survey (MTHS) is a postseason mail survey conducted by the Missouri Department of Conservation. The 1996 MTHS provides information concerning the number of turkeys harvested by hunters on each day and the total number of trips made to the counties by these hunters on each day of the hunting season. The success rates are then found from this information. Small sample sizes produce large standard errors for the estimates at the county level. We use a Bayesian hierarchical generalized linear model to estimate daily hunting success rates at the county level. The model includes an autoregressive process for the days of the hunting season and spatially correlated random geographic effects. The computations are performed using Gibbs sampling and adaptive rejection sampling techniques. Results show that there are significant spatial corelations between counties and correlations between days of the hunting season. The estimates are close to the frequency estimates at the state level and much more stable at the county level.     

Rapid assessment of postfire plant invasions in coniferous forests of the western United States.

Fire is a natural part of most forest ecosystems in the western United States, but its effects on nonnative plant invasion have only recently been studied. Also, forest managers are engaging in fuel reduction projects to lessen fire severity, often without considering potential negative ecological consequences such as nonnative plant species introductions. Increased availability of light, nutrients, and bare ground have all been associated with high-severity fires and fuel treatments and are known to aid in the establishment of nonnative plant species. We use vegetation and environmental data collected after wildfires at seven sites in coniferous forests in the western United States to study responses of nonnative plants to wildfire. We compared burned vs. unburned plots and plots treated with mechanical thinning and/or prescribed burning vs. untreated plots for nonnative plant species richness and cover and used correlation analyses to infer the effect of abiotic site conditions on invasibility. Wildfire was responsible for significant increases in nonnative species richness and cover, and a significant decrease in native cover. Mechanical thinning and prescribed fire fuel treatments were associated with significant changes in plant species composition at some sites. Treatment effects across sites were minimal and inconclusive due to significant site and site x treatment interaction effects caused by variation between sites including differences in treatment and fire severities and initial conditions (e.g., nonnative species sources). We used canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to determine what combinations of environmental variables best explained patterns of nonnative plant species richness and cover. Variables related to fire severity, soil nutrients, and elevation explained most of the variation in species composition. Nonnative species were generally associated with sites with higher fire severity, elevation, percentage of bare ground, and lower soil nutrient levels and lower canopy cover. Early assessments of postfire stand conditions can guide rapid responses to nonnative plant invasions.     

德务淫羊藿的化学成分研究

德务淫羊藿地上部分提取物经硅胶柱色谱、硅胶制备薄层色谱等方法反复分离纯化,用各种波谱数据分析、鉴定化合物的结构.从德务淫羊藿的氯仿部分和正丁醇部分分离和鉴定了7个化合物,分别为二十烷醇(Ⅰ)、正十八酸(Ⅱ)、β谷甾醇(Ⅲ)、γ谷甾醇(Ⅳ)、20Hydroxydammar24en3one(Ⅴ)、桂木宁U(artoninU)(Ⅵ)、胡箩卜甙(Ⅶ).化合物Ⅰ～Ⅶ均首次从该植物中分离得到.参6     

浅谈浮雕装饰件成型落料复合工艺

论述聚氨脂橡胶及锌合金用于浮雕件成型落料工艺特点,模具设计和制造特点.     

蓄水前后三峡库区香溪河沉积物磷形态分布特征及释放通量估算

三峡库区汛末蓄水过程改变了支流库湾沉积物赋存环境,继而影响沉积物磷形态的分布特征和沉积物-水界面过程.本文通过对2016年8月(蓄水前)和10月(蓄水后)香溪河库湾沉积物和上覆水样品的采集分析,分析了蓄水前后库区干流和支流库湾底部沉积物磷形态分布特征及赋存的环境条件,估算了沉积物-水界面PO3-4-P交换通量.结果表明:蓄水后沉积物上覆水pH增加,碱性增强;Eh减少,还原性增强.沉积物中各形态磷相对含量由Na OH-PHCl-POP转变为HCl-POPNa OH-P,沉积环境的改变是磷形态变化的根本原因.沉积物中TP增加了1.3倍,上覆水ρ(PO3-4-P)是蓄水前3.7倍,间隙水ρ(PO3-4-P)是蓄水前8.3倍,增加了香溪河库湾沉积物营养盐释放风险.蓄水前后香溪河沉积物PO3-4-P总体均表现为"源",但PO3-4-P扩散通量由蓄水前的-0.002 9~0.005 9 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)增加为蓄水后的0.006 7~0.107 1 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),蓄水后香溪河库湾底部沉积物磷释放量增加.     

Ca and OH release of ceramsites containing anorthite and gehlenite prepared from waste lime mud

Lime mud is a kind of solid waste in the papermaking industry, which has been a source of serious environmental pollution. Ceramsites containing anorthite and gehlenite were prepared from lime mud and fly ash through the solid state reaction method at 1050°C. The objective of this study was to explore the efficiency of Ca^2 + and OH⁻ release and assess the phosphorus and copper ion removal performance of the ceramsites via batch experiments, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that Ca^2 + and OH⁻ were released from the ceramsites due to the dissolution of anorthite, gehlenite and available lime. It is also concluded that gehlenite had stronger capacity for Ca^2 + and OH⁻ release compared with anorthite. The Ca^2 + release could be fit well by the Avrami kinetic model. Increases of porosity, dosage and temperature were associated with increases in the concentrations of Ca^2 + and OH⁻ released. Under different conditions, the ceramsites could maintain aqueous solutions in alkaline conditions (pH = 9.3–10.9) and the release of Ca^2 + was not affected. The removal rates of phosphorus and copper ions were as high as 96.88% and 96.81%, respectively. The final pH values of both phosphorus and copper ions solutions changed slightly. The reuse of lime mud in the form of ceramsites is an effective strategy.     

2012年滨州浅海大型底栖动物现状评价

2012年春季、夏季和秋季分别对滨州浅海大型底栖动物进行了18个站位3个航次的外业调查研究,结果表明:已鉴定出大型底栖动物81种,其中软体动物27种、多毛类20种、甲壳动物18种、棘皮动物1种和其他类5种;春季（78种）最高,夏季（47种）次之,秋季（39种）最低;软体动物、多毛类和甲壳动物是构成该海域底栖动物的主要类群。大型底栖动物多样性指数为0.17～3.69,平均值为1.73±0.22;丰富度指数为0.59～3.05,平均值为1.75±0.24;均匀度指数为0.04～1.00,平均值为0.46±0.10;优势度指数为1.03～10.76,平均值为3.29±0.91。多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数均为夏季最高,秋季次之,春季最低;而丰富度指数则为春季最高,夏季次之,秋季最低。栖息密度和生物量平均值均相对较高,分别为3836.83 ind./m2和48.65 g/m2;均以春季最高,秋季次之,夏季较低;不同季节均以软体动物占绝对优势,为最高,其次为甲壳动物和多毛类,其他类和棘皮动物相对较低。滨州浅海环境质量总体以轻度污染为主,与我国主要河口水域相比,属于环境质量较好的区域。     

油气管道第三方施工损伤风险控制方法研究

针对当前油气管道运行的现状指出第三方施工损伤风险控制的紧迫性,根据第三方施工损伤风险辨识的内容,以及油气管道第三方施工损伤风险评估中人为因素分析理论,阐述第三方施工损伤风险的影响因素,通过计算各因素的灰色关联度辨识出了第三方损伤风险的主控因素,并提出了第三方施工损伤风险控制方法.     

广州市中心城区环境空气中挥发性有机物的污染特征与健康风险评价

于2009年11月5~9日,采用在线监测方法对广州市中心城区环境空气中31种VOCs物种进行了观测,对其浓度水平与变化特征、组成与来源、化学反应活性进行了分析,并利用国际公认的健康风险评价方法对VOCs的健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,31种VOCs物种的平均质量浓度为114.51μg·m-3(范围为29.42~546.06μg·m-3),烷烃和芳香烃是含量最为丰富的组分;31种VOCs浓度之和及烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃3类化合物的各组分浓度之和都呈现出早晚高,中午低的日变化特征.机动车尾气排放是研究区环境空气中VOCs的主要来源,同时汽油、液化石油气的挥发以及涂料和溶剂的挥发也是其重要来源.研究区VOCs气团对臭氧生成潜势贡献率最大的是芳香烃(42.5%)和烯烃(38.6%);甲苯、反-2-丁烯、间/对二甲苯、正丁烷、1,3,5-三甲苯等是VOCs中的关键活性组分.机动车尾气排放、汽油蒸发是导致研究区环境空气中臭氧形成的重要VOCs排放源.健康风险评价结果表明,己烷、1,3-丁二烯和BTEX对人体的非致癌风险(HQ)在3.95E-03~2.45E-01之间,对暴露人群不存在非致癌风险;1,3-丁二烯、苯的致癌风险值(RISK)分别为1.47E-05、5.34E-05,对暴露人群存在潜在的致癌风险.本研究结果与国内其它部分城市环境空气中苯系物健康风险评价结果的比较研究发现,我国城市环境空气中苯对暴露人群存在着较大的致癌风险,因此,我国有必要采取措施严格控制环境空气中苯的污染水平,尽早研究并制定环境空气中苯的环境基准和标准.     

Lead contamination in tea garden soils and factors affecting its bioavailability

The consumption of heavy metals is detrimental to human health and most countries restrict the concentration of metals such as lead (Pb) in food and beverages. Recent tests have detected high Pb concentrations in certain commercial brands of tea leaves and this finding has raised concerns for both producers and consumers. To investigate what factors may be contributing to the increase in Pb accumulation in the tea leaves we collected tea leaves and soils from tea producing areas and analyzed them for Pb concentration, pH and organic matter content. The result showed the Pb concentration of 47% investigated tea leaves samples was beyond 2 mg kg(-1), the permissible levels given by China. The total Pb concentration in the surface and subsurface soil layers averaged 36.4 and 32.2 mg kg(-1), respectively which fall below of the 60 mg kg(-1) limit provided for organic tea gardens in China. The pH of the tea garden soils was severely acidic with the lowest pH of 3.37. Soils under older tea gardens tended to have a lower pH and a higher Pb bioavailability which was defined as the amount of lead extracted by CaCl2 solution than those under younger tea gardens. We found that the concentration of bioavailable Pb and the percentage of bioavailable Pb (bioavailable Pb relative to total Pb concentration) were positively correlated with soil H+ activity and soil organic matter content, and the organic matter accumulation contribute more effects on Pb bioavailability in these two factors. We conclude that soil acidification and organic matter accumulation could contribute to increasing Pb bioavailability in soil and that these could increase Pb uptake and accumulation in the tea leaves.