Effect of Macroalgal Expansion and Marine Protected Areas on Coral Recovery Following a Climatic Disturbance

Disturbance plays an important role in structuring marine ecosystems, and there is a need to understand how conservation practices, such as the designation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), facilitate postdisturbance recovery. We evaluated the association of MPAs, herbivorous fish biomass, substrate type, postdisturbance coral cover, and change in macroalgal cover with coral recovery on the fringing reefs of the inner Seychelle islands, where coral mortality after a 1998 bleaching event was extensive. We visually estimated benthic cover and fish biomass at 9 sites in MPAs where fishing is banned and at 12 sites where fishing is permitted in 1994, 2005, 2008, and 2011. We used analysis of variance to examine spatial and temporal variations in coral cover and generalized additive models to identify relations between coral recovery and the aforementioned factors that may promote recovery. Coral recovery occurred on all substrate types, but it was highly variable among sites and times. Between 2005 and 2011 the increase in coral cover averaged 1%/year across 21 sites, and the maximum increase was 4%/year. However, mean coral cover across the study area (14%) remained at half of 1994 levels (28%). Sites within MPAs had faster rates of coral recovery than sites in fished areas only where cover of macroalgae was low and had not increased over time. In MPAs where macroalgae cover expanded since 1998 there was no recovery. Where coral was recovering on granite reefs there was a shift in relative prevalence of colony life‐form from branching to encrusting species. This simplification of reef structure may affect associated reef fauna even if predisturbance levels of coral cover are attained. Efecto de la Expansión de Macroalgas y Áreas Marinas Protegidas sobre la Recuperación de Coral Después de una Perturbación Climática     

萍乡市农用土壤重金属含量及其分布特征分析

以江西省萍乡地区农用土壤为研究对象,分析研究了萍乡市农用土壤中重金属的含量、分布特征。结果表明:萍乡地区农用土壤中重金属的平均含量均未超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准,但其中锌、镍、铬、铜、镉、砷、铅、锰、汞的含量均超过了江西省土壤重金属相应元素的背景值。从空间分布来看,在全市5个县区布置的29个测点中,有14个测点的重金属含量超标;其中上栗县有8个测点超标,明显多于其他县区,出现了不同的污染特征。     

Use of wastewater and compost extracts as nutrient sources for growing nursery and turfgrass species

Nutrient salts present in liquid by-products following waste treatment are lost resources if not effectively recycled, and can cause environmental problems if improperly disposed. This research compared the growth response and mineral nutrient status of two nursery and two turfgrass species, hydroponically supplied with nutritive by-product extracts derived from anaerobically digested municipal solid waste (MSW) and aerobically composted organic wastes from the mushroom and MSW industries. Forsythia (Forsythia x intermedia 'Lynwood') and weigela (Weigela florida 'Red Prince'), and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), were grown in nutrient solutions/extracts prepared from: (i) half-strength Hoagland's #2 solution (HH; control), (ii) Plant Products liquid fertilizer (PP; g kg(-1): 180 N; 39 P; 224 K), (iii) spent mushroom compost (SMC), (iv) MSW compost (GMC), and (v) intra-process wastewater from the anaerobic digestion of MSW (ADW). Additional nutrient solutions (SMC-A, GMC-A, and ADW-A) were prepared by amending the original solutions with N, P, and/or K to concentrations in HH (mg L(-1): 105 N; 15 P; 118 K). Plants receiving the SMC-A extract grew best or at least as well as those in HH, PP, and the amended GMC-A and ADW-A solutions. This study indicated that, with proper amendments of N, P, K and other nutrients, water-soluble constituents derived from organic waste treatment have potential for use as supplemental nutrient sources for plant production.     

冻融作用下非饱和土热水力耦合数值模拟

基于多孔介质力学建立非饱和土在冻结过程中的耦合方程并进行单向冻融过程的数值求解及模拟分析。把非饱和冻土当作固体土颗粒、未冻水、冰晶及孔隙气组成的多孔多相介质,在小变形假定下建立了考虑冰?水、水?水汽相变的非饱和冻土的质量守恒、动量守恒方程,以及能量方程、耗散不等式、热平衡方程。结合冻融过程中的渗透特性以及应力应变关系,对单向冻融条件下的非饱和土柱封闭系统进行了数值求解,计算结果表明冷端冻结温度的数值对非饱和土柱的顶部位移影响较大,而对温度场的分布规律以及冻结区的含水率分布影响较小。研究结果可为寒区非饱和土工程的设计和施工提供指导。     

不同能量电子辐照下星用瑞侃导线性能退化研究

目的研究卫星上外露导线在空间辐射环境下的耐受能力。方法通过分析GEO轨道下在轨10年航天器外露瑞侃导线的辐照环境,研究低能和高能电子对导线性能的影响,地面模拟试验参数选择能量分别为45 keV和1 MeV,注量率均为8.3×10^10 e/(cm^2·s),总注量均为2×10^16 e/cm^2。考察瑞侃导线力学性能(断裂伸长率、拉伸强度)和电性能(击穿电压)的退化情况,并用XPS和SEM测试分析手段,对其电子辐照损伤机理进行研究。结果在不同能量电子辐照下,瑞侃导线的力学性能均略有下降,没有显著区别,而电学性能严重退化,且低能电子较高能电子对其电学性能影响更为严重,其击穿电压分别下降了100%和50%。结论通过剂量-深度分布计算,45 keV入射电子能量全部沉积在样品表层下数微米的深度范围内,完全被导线外皮吸收,对样品的损伤较大;而1 MeV入射电子能量绝大部分穿透表皮沉积在样品铜芯中,因而其性能退化情况相对低能电子较小。进一步的,通过SEM和XPS测试和分析发现,电子辐照造成瑞侃导线分子链降解,形成自由基以及气体,自由基的再交联是造成瑞侃导线损伤的重要机理。     

基于走航观测的长江三角洲地区大气污染特征及来源追踪

为了加强对长江三角洲地区大气污染分布特征和输送规律的认识,利用移动车载设备开展了不定期的走航观测,重点研究了2016-2018年冬季灰霾污染和春季光化学污染条件下长江三角洲地区的大气污染特征.结果表明,走航观测期间长江三角洲地区PM_2.5日均浓度为60~122 μg/m³,东部的常州、无锡一带,西部的合肥、芜湖地区,北部蚌埠、滁州一带,南部湖州、杭州地区的PM_2.5浓度较高,比其他地区高出20%~40%.O₃日均浓度水平为9~52 μg/m³,苏州、盐城、宣城与湖州地区浓度相对较高.运用FLEXPART_WRF模式,结合PM_2.5排放清单,分析了走航观测期间长江三角洲地区及沿线城市PM_2.5的潜在来源.结果发现,东风条件下,南通及上海地区为PM_2.5的潜在源区,北风条件下,连云港、盐城等地区贡献较大.运用FLEXPART前向轨迹计算模块,对一次污染个例过程进行了模拟,并利用走航观测结果进行了验证,发现模拟结果与走航观测结果的相关系数达到0.9.可见,长江三角洲地区存在区域性的PM_2.5和O₃污染,走航观测结合轨迹分析是追踪污染气团输送的有效手段.     

不同浓度蓝藻水华在好氧条件下的光合作用

为研究不同浓度蓝藻水华在曝气形成的好氧条件下的光合作用,本文按叶绿素a（Chla）浓度32.5,346.8,1413.7和14250.0μg/L设4个处理组（从低到高编号依次为I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和IV）进行实验.结果表明,各处理Chla浓度均总体呈下降趋势,但均未出现发黑或发褐现象;各处理溶氧、pH值、NH₄⁺-N浓度和最大光合作用能力F_v/F_m均有一定差异（P<0.05）.快速光响应曲线的特征参数α、ETR_max和I_k表明,处理I、Ⅱ和Ⅲ中出现较高的绿藻、硅/甲藻的光能利用效率（P<0.05）,而处理IV中所有藻类的光能利用效率较低（P<0.05）.曝气增氧可以防止高浓度蓝藻水华形成黑水团;蓝藻水华初始Chla浓度约为32.5、346.8、1413.7μg/L时,在曝气形成的好氧条件下,蓝藻水华中会出现其它藻类如绿藻、硅/甲藻的生长,即藻类群落结构朝着多样化变化,对蓝藻水华形成控制.