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排序方式: 共有213条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
Hwang IH Aoyama H Matsuto T Nakagishi T Matsuo T 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2012,32(3):410-416
Hydrothermal treatments using subcritical water (HTSW) such as that at 234 °C and 3 MPa (LT condition) and 295 °C and 8 MPa (HT condition) were investigated to recover solid fuel from municipal solid waste (MSW). Printing paper, dog food (DF), wooden chopsticks, and mixed plastic film and sheets of polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene were prepared as model MSW components, in which polyvinylchloride (PVC) powder and sodium chloride were used to simulate Cl sources.While more than 75% of carbon in paper, DF, and wood was recovered as char under both LT and HT conditions, plastics did not degrade under either LT or HT conditions. The heating value (HV) of obtained char was 13,886-27,544 kJ/kg and was comparable to that of brown coal and lignite. Higher formation of fixed carbon and greater oxygen dissociation during HTSW were thought to improve the HV of char.Cl atoms added as PVC powder and sodium chloride to raw material remained in char after HTSW. However, most Cl originating from PVC was found to converse into soluble Cl compounds during HTSW under the HT condition and could be removed by washing.From these results, the merit of HTSW as a method of recovering solid fuel from MSW is considered to produce char with minimal carbon loss without a drying process prior to HTSW. In addition, Cl originating from PVC decomposes into soluble Cl compound under the HT condition. The combination of HTSW under the HT condition and char washing might improve the quality of char as alternative fuel. 相似文献
32.
The effect of the photosensitizer riboflavin (0, 10, 50, 100 microM) on the fate of atrazine (10 mg/l) in a freshwater environment was studied. It was found that at 100 microM riboflavin significantly enhanced the degradation of atrazine and more than 80% of atrazine in a natural water environment was depleted in 72 h. The relative contribution of microbial assemblages and the freshwater matrix to the degradation of atrazine and the degradation kinetics of atrazine were compared under different experimental conditions. The products and pathways of atrazine transformation were studied with GC-MS and HPLC with a photodiode array detector. The results show that dealkylation and alkyl chain oxidation are involved in the degradation of atrazine. 相似文献
33.
Jian Hua Chih-Wen Cheng Daw-Shang Hwang 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2019,69(2):131-144
This study proposes an easy-to-apply method, the Total Life Cycle Emission Model (TLCEM), to calculate the total emissions from shipping and help ship management groups assess the impact on emissions caused by their capital investment or operation decisions. Using TLCEM, we present the total emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs) during the 25-yr life cycle of 10 post-Panamax containerships under slow steaming conditions. The life cycle consists of steel production, shipbuilding, crude oil extraction and transportation, fuel refining, bunkering, and ship operation. We calculate total emissions from containerships and compare the effect of emission reduction by using various fuels. The results can be used to differentiate the emissions from various processes and to assess the effectiveness of various reduction approaches. Critical pollutants and GHGs emitted from each process are calculated. If the containerships use heavy fuel oil (HFO), emissions of CO2 total 2.79 million tonnes (Mt), accounting for 95.37% of total emissions, followed by NOx and SOx emissions,which account for 2.25% and 1.30%, respectively.The most significant emissions are from the operation of the ship and originate from the main engine (ME).When fuel is switched to 100% natural gas (NG), SOx, PM10, and CO2 emissions show remarkable reductions of 98.60%, 99.06%, and 21.70%, respectively. Determining the emission factor of each process is critical for estimating the total emissions. The estimated emission factors were compared with the values adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO).The proposed TLCEM may contribute to more accurate estimates of total life cycle emissions from global shipping.
Implications: We propose a total life cycle emissions model for 10 post-Panamax container ships. Using heavy fuel oil, emissions of CO2 total 2.79 Mt, accounting for approximately 95% of emissions, followed by NOx and SOx emissions. Using 100% natural gas, SOx, PM10, and CO2 emissions reduce by 98.6%, 99.1%, and 21.7%, respectively. NOx emissions increase by 1.14% when running a dual fuel engine at low load in natural gas mode. 相似文献
34.
Complex interactions between autotrophs in shallow marine and freshwater ecosystems: implications for community responses to nutrient stress 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Havens KE Hauxwell J Tyler AC Thomas S McGlathery KJ Cebrian J Valiela I Steinman AD Hwang SJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2001,113(1):95-107
The relative biomass of autotrophs (vascular plants, macroalgae, microphytobenthos, phytoplankton) in shallow aquatic ecosystems is thought to be controlled by nutrient inputs and underwater irradiance. Widely accepted conceptual models indicate that this is the case both in marine and freshwater systems. In this paper we examine four case studies and test whether these models generally apply. We also identify other complex interactions among the autotrophs that may influence ecosystem response to cultural eutrophication. The marine case studies focus on macroalgae and its interactions with sediments and vascular plants. The freshwater case studies focus on interactions between phytoplankton, epiphyton, and benthic microalgae. In Waquoit Bay, MA (estuary), controlled experiments documented that blooms of macroalgae were responsible for the loss of eelgrass beds at nutrient-enriched locations. Macroalgae covered eelgrass and reduced irradiance to the extent that the plants could not maintain net growth. In Hog Island Bay, VA (estuary), a dense lawn of macroalgae covered the bottom sediments. There was reduced sediment-water nitrogen exchange when the algae were actively growing and high nitrogen release during algal senescence. In Lakes Brobo (West Africa) and Okeechobee (FL), there were dramatic seasonal changes in the biomass and phosphorus content of planktonic versus attached algae, and these changes were coupled with changes in water level and abiotic turbidity. Deeper water and/or greater turbidity favored dominance by phytoplankton. In Lake Brobo there also was evidence that phytoplankton growth was stimulated following a die-off of vascular plants. The case studies from Waquoit Bay and Lake Okeechobee support conceptual models of succession from vascular plants to benthic algae to phytoplankton along gradients of increasing nutrients and decreasing under-water irradiance. The case studies from Hog Island Bay and Lake Brobo illustrate additional effects (modified sediment-water nutrient fluxes, allelopathy or nutrient release during plant senescence) that could play a role in ecosystem response to nutrient stress. 相似文献
35.
Batch experiments with pyrene (PYR) were conducted to quantify the effect of contact time on its sorption and desorption behavior by a sandy-loam soil. Twenty-four and 48 h contact times were chosen for the nonequilibrium conditions and 240 h for the pseudoequilibrium study. All times was selected based on the kinetic results. The nonlinear, pseudoequilibrium sorption isotherm was fit to a two-stage Freundlich model: 3-7 mg/l for the first stage and 7-15 mg/l for the second stage. A substantial fraction of the sorbed PYR was not desorbed within the given desorption time. The reason of hysteresis was found to be a sorption enhancement due to soil hydration which provided more sorption sites. A desorption enhancement at 240-h desorption steps was attributed to the increased dissolved organic matter evolution. This study also found that both soil organic matter and clay materials had an equal role in PYR sorption enhancement and desorption resistance. 相似文献
36.
Biofilters do not provide much water for bacteria to grow. To use them efficiently and properly, it is essential to understand the kinetics of water transformation and to control moisture levels. This study aims to clarify whether the metabolism of microorganisms will improve the water-holding capacity of media or will intensify drying. This experiment was conducted in duplicate, that is, both with and without bacterial inoculation. Both the constant water content mode and the declining water content mode show that microbial growth in a log phase will enhance drying. In contrast, the bacteria growing in a logarithmic decline phase will improve water-holding capacity. Basically, water evaporation can result from the latent heat obtained from microbial respiration or from the physical temperature difference between the unsaturated air and the wet media. Two ways that biofilters can gain water are from water incorporated into bacteria cells and from water obtained from the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). 相似文献
37.
Biodegradability of aged pyrene and phenanthrene in a natural soil 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
A study was conducted to evaluate the biodegradability of pyrene (PYR) and phenanthrene (PHE) aged in a natural soil. Both the single and binary systems were either biostimulated via a nutrient amendment or bioaugmented via an inoculation of the enriched bacteria and nutrients. Aging resulted in higher concentration of both compounds and smaller bacterial activity in the solution-phase. Surprisingly, the total biodegraded extent was greater in the aged soil system than in the freshly spiked system. As anticipated, biostimulation was not appropriate to attain an effective biodegradation in this study, and bioaugmentation achieved a substantial increase the total biodegradation extent. The above findings were attributed to indigenous Pseudomonas aeruginosa entering a stationary-phase during the 200-day aging and producing rhamnolipid biosurfactants. In addition, a different sampling technique (i.e., after vigorous hand-shaking) revealed a 15 times higher microbial population than the normal sampling from the stagnant solution. Therefore, PAH bioavailability in the aged soils can be underestimated when the microbial activity is determined only from the stagnant solution. Furthermore, cometabolism enhanced PYR degradation when PHE was present as a primary substrate. 相似文献
38.
Fe0-mediated reductive destruction of hazardous organic compounds such as chlorinated organic compounds (COCs) and nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) in the aqueous phase is one of the latest innovative technologies. In this paper, rapid reductive degradation of COCs and NACs by synthesized nanoscale Fe0 in anaerobic batch systems was presented. The nanoscale Fe0, characterized by high specific surface area and high reactivity, rapidly transformed trichloroethylene (TCE), chloroform (CF), nitrobenzene (NB), nitrotoluene (NT), dinitrobenzene (DNB) and dinitrotoluene (DNT) under ambient conditions, which results in complete disappearance of the parent compounds from the aqueous phase within a few minutes. GC analysis reported that the main products of the dechlorination of TCE and CF were ethane and methane as well as that most of the nitro groups in NACs were reductively transformed to amine groups. These results suggest that the rapid reductive destruction by nanoscale Fe0 is potentially a viable in situ or aboveground treatment of groundwater contaminated with hazardous organic compounds including COCs and NACs. 相似文献
39.
Jae Gyu Hwang Hang Seok Choi Jun Hwa Kwon 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2016,18(4):771-780
In the present study, an experiment was performed to investigate the mixing and segregation characteristics of standard sand and rice straw particles in a cylindrical bubbling fluidized bed. The mass ratio (rice straw/standard sand = 0.5–1.25 %) of two particles and superficial gas velocity (0.13–0.18 m/s) were changed as experimental variables. The pressure drop curve and Kramer’s equation were used to determine the minimum fluidization velocity and mixing index, respectively. In all cases, the mixing index was the lowest at U/U mf = 1.15. Based on the point of U/U mf = 1.15, the segregation region and mixing region were observed. In the segregation region, mass ratio of 0.75 % showed the lowest mixing index. At the U/U mf = 1.23 which was selected as the starting of fast pyrolysis considering residence time and the previous fast pyrolysis experiment, mass ratio of 1.25 % showed the highest mixing index which was 0.90. 相似文献
40.
Eun-Hee Lee Jaisoo Kim Kyung-Suk Cho Yun Gyong Ahn Geum-Sook Hwang 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(1):64-77