Daily Bank Erosion Rates in the Lower Yellow River Before and After Dam Construction

During the period of water impoundment and sediment detention of the Sanmenxia Reservoir, riverbank erosion processes played a key role in the channel evolution of the Lower Yellow River (LYR). However, research into bank erosion rates of the LYR has been neglected due to the lack of direct field monitoring. In this study, an indirect method is proposed to determine bank erosion rates at daily time scales by outlining a detailed calculation procedure using measured hydrological data. A total of 810 data points of daily bank erosion rates before and after the construction of Sanmenxia Dam was calculated at seven hydrometric sections along the LYR, with the corresponding values of the bank stability coefficient and the width‐to‐depth ratio also being calculated. Empirical relations were then developed to estimate the daily bank erosion rates, using these parameters at the sections. Temporal and spatial variability in daily bank erosion rates in the LYR before and after dam construction were also investigated, revealing that: (1) the bank erosion rates had a mean value of 16.7‐29.1 m/day in the braided reach, with a maximum value of 290.0 m/day, while they were relatively low in the meandering reach, with a mean value of 2.5 m/day; (2) the erosion rates before dam construction were slightly greater than those after dam construction, with the difference reaching 5‐10 m/day in the braided reach, decreasing in the transitional reach gradually, and being slight in the meandering reach.     

集成膜法水处理工艺的研究与应用

集成膜法除盐系统具有连续产水、出水质量好、易控制、占地少、不需酸碱、利于环保等优点。文章通过对集成膜法水处理技术进行研究与应用,将原有的化学除盐水处理方式改为集成膜法水处理工艺,该方法产水水质高且水质稳定,每年可节约酸碱200 t,阴、阳离子交换树脂10 t,切实解决电厂所面临的产水水质不稳定、酸碱废液排放等问题,有力推动了清洁生产。     

Genetic evidence of promiscuity in Peromyscus leucopus

Summary We collected pregnant female Peromyscus leucopus from natural populations during the summer of 1987 and 1988 and allowed these females to give birth to their field-conceived young in the laboratory. Blood samples were taken by suborbital puncture and phenotypes of five genetic loci (Esterase-1, trasferrin, hemoglobin, albumin and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) were studied using horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis to detect multiple paternity in single litters. Only esterase-1 was found to be highly polymorphic, with four alleles in samples of both years. One litter out of 29 in 1987 and 6 litters out of 32 in 1988 contained three different paternal alleles and served as direct evidence of multiple paternity in the field. The proportion of females engaging in multiple matings in natural populations of P. leucopus, assuming that all males were involved in every multiple mating, is 25%–100% (mean 68%). Because it is unlikely that all males are involved in every multiple mating, the actual proportion of females engaging in multiple matings should be greater. Offprint requests to: X. Xia at his Canadian address     

厌氧序批式反应器预处理垃圾渗滤液的碳平衡研究

为初步了解垃圾渗滤液中有机物降解过程的物质和能量转化,对渗滤液实际处理工程提供借鉴,在最优工艺参数条件下,分别用处于中温(35±1)℃和常温状态的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理。通过对反应器内的液相、气相和固相碳素进行全面的分析测定,结果表明:中温(常温)条件下,整个反应周期内约有86.4%(77.6%)的碳进入气相,约有1.7%(1.4%)的碳进入固相,其余约11.7%(22.3%)的碳仍存于液相中;其中,进入气相部分的碳有77.6%(71.3%)以甲烷形式存在,8.8%(4.7%)以二氧化碳形式存在,这说明ASBR预处理垃圾渗滤液过程中产生的甲烷资源化利用潜力较大。另外,反应器在中温状态下较常温状态处理效果更佳。     

电石渣-石膏湿法烟气脱硫废水处理工艺研究

电石渣-石膏湿法脱硫废水与石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫废水存在差异,主要体现在悬浮物与COD较难去除,采用在中和池添加助凝剂与曝气池添加氧化剂的方法,可在沿用石灰石法脱硫废水处理工艺设计的前提下达到对电石渣法脱硫废水的良好处理效果。     

基于高铁酸钾同步氧化-絮凝技术在污水处理中的研究进展

Fe(Ⅵ)具有较高的氧化还原电位,Fe(OH)3具有良好的絮凝效果,废水处理中高铁酸钾发挥同步氧化和絮凝作用。介绍高铁酸钾处理各种难降解废水的机理,同时分析高铁酸钾投加量、pH、反应温度、反应时间等因素对各种废水去除效果的影响。并提出基于高铁酸钾同步氧化絮凝技术处理污水的局限性和未来的发展方向。     

混合气体直接吸附分离回收过程研究

以精密陶瓷制造过程中排放的甲苯和异丙醇混合气体为目标气体,采用4段活性炭吸附柱串联吸附实验方式研究了混合组分气体直接吸附分离回收的可行性.结果表明,异丙醇和甲苯这2种物性具有一定差异的物质在吸附床的长度方向存在明显的分层吸附现象.在表观气速0.42 m·s-1、异丙醇与甲苯入口浓度分别为477 mg·m-3和746 mg·m-3、吸附柱总长为26cm条件下,通气吸附798 min时,0～10 cm长度段炭层吸附甲苯量为184.5 mg·g-1,吸附异丙醇量为0 mg·g-1,而21～26 cm长度段炭层吸附甲苯量为0.92 mg·g-1,吸附异丙醇量为91.2 mg·g-1,通过分段再生回收分别得到了纯度99%以上的甲苯和异丙醇回收液.弱吸附质异丙醇在吸附过程中存在气相浓度增浓现象,该现象导致实验条件下部分活性炭层区域对异丙醇的吸附量提高了27%以上.通过多段串联吸附、分段再生回收的方式可以实现混合气体的直接吸附分离回收.     

环境因子对胡敏酸介导下SDZ光解行为的影响

研究了在纯水条件及两种不同来源胡敏酸（HA）介导下,磺胺嘧啶（SDZ）和水稻土胡敏酸（SDHA）、泥炭土胡敏酸（NTHA）的不同浓度、pH值、光敏离子（NO₃^-和Fe³⁺）、离子强度（NaCl）以及金属离子（Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和K⁺）等环境因子对SDZ紫外光降解的影响.结果表明：光照下,pH=7.1对两种体系的SDZ光降解有促进作用且效果最好.低SDZ浓度（2mg/L）以及低HA浓度（15mg/L）条件下使SDZ光解速率较快.光敏离子中NO₃^-通过光生·OH,促进了纯水中SDZ的光解,但在HA体系中,HA具有猝灭·OH的效应造成SDZ的光解速率低于纯水;Fe³⁺在HA体系下均表现为抑制作用,且抑制强度为NTHA>SDHA.在纯水中SDZ的光解速率随NaCl浓度增加而增加,HA介导下,较低浓度NaCl（C_NaCl=50mmol/L）抑制作用较强.金属离子（K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺）在纯水中对SDZ的光解影响程度较弱,但在HA体系中均表现为抑制作用,抑制强度为K⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺,单价阳离子对SDZ光降解影响较为明显.     

大型电子设备机架气流分解方法研究

目的研究分析一种分解大型电子设备机架风冷气流条件的方法。方法以温差和Nu数作为描述传热效果的参数,使用相似对流的方法,使分解夹具中模块两侧的气流传热效果等效于大型机架中模块两侧的气流传热效果。结果气流在分解后,其在分解夹具中的冷却效果等效于分解前其在大型机架中的冷却效果。结论该分解方法能够有效地进行风冷气流条件分解,可以应用于实际工程。     

Purification and Properties of a Poly (β-hydroxybutyrate) Depolymerase From Penicillium sp.

An extracellular poly (β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) depolymerase was purified from a Penicillium sp. DS9701-09a by centrifugation, ultrafiltration, precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 37.9-folds higher than that of the culture supernatant and the recovery yield was 11.8%. The PHB deploymerase molecular mass was 44.8 kDa from analysis of both Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Matrix-assisted laser desorption-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer. The isoelectric point of 6.7 for the enzyme was determined by a two-dimensional electrophoresis. The optimum enzyme activity was observed at a temperature of 50 °C and pH 5.0. The apparent K _m of the enzyme was found to be 1.35 mg/mL. The PHB depolymerase consisted of 16 kinds of normal amino acids. The secondary structure of the enzyme was determined by CD spectrum. α-helix and β-turn were found to be 66% and 34% for the enzyme without ammonium sulphite. Chemical inhibition on the PHB depolymerase activity was examined and EDTA was found to have a significantly inhibitory effect.