基于高光谱的土壤全氮含量估测

基于高光谱(350~2 500 nm)数据,研究了我国中、东部地区5种主要类型土壤全氮含量与高光谱反射率之间的定量关系,构建了基于偏最小二乘法(PLS)、BP神经网络(BPNN)和特征光谱指数的土壤全氮含量估算模型。结果表明,以500~900 nm、1 350~1 490 nm区域波段反射率经Norris滤波平滑后的一阶导数光谱为基础,构建的基于PLS和BPNN的土壤全氮含量估算模型精度较高,建模决定系数分别为0.81和0.98;独立观测资料检验结果显示,模型预测决定系数分别为0.81和0.93,均方根误差RMSE为0.219 g·kg^-1和0.149 g·kg^-1,相对分析误差RPD为2.28和3.36,说明PLS和BPNN模型对土壤全氮含量具有较高的预测精度。在光谱指数的分析中,基于近红外872 nm和1 482 nm 两个波段的差值光谱指数DI(NDR₈₇₂,NDR₁₄₈₂)对土壤全氮含量最敏感,建模决定系数、预测决定系数、RMSE和RPD分别为0.66、0.53、0.31 g·kg^-1和1.60。比较而言,三种方法估算土壤氮含量的精度顺序为BPNN模型＞PLS＞DI(NDR₈₇₂,NDR₁₄₈₂),基于PLS和BPNN两种方法建立的土壤全氮含量高光谱估测模型具有较高的精度,可以用来精确估算土壤全氮含量;基于两波段构建的DI(NDR₈₇₂,NDR₁₄₈₂)预测效果低于前两者,但也可以用来粗略估测土壤中的全氮含量。     

Removal of copper ions from aqueous solution by calcium alginate immobilized kaolin

Kaolin has been widely used as an adsorbent to remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. However, the lower heavy metal adsorption capacity of kaolin limits its practical application. A novel environmental friendly material, calcium alginate immobilized kaolin (kaolin/CA), was prepared using a sol-gel method. The e ects of contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, and temperature on Cu2+ adsorption by kaolin/CA were investigated. The Langmuir isotherm was used to describe the experimental adsorption, the maximum Cu2+ adsorption capacity of the kaolin/CA reached up to 53.63 mg/g. The thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption reaction was a spontaneous and endothermic process.     

污水厂强化生物硝化和除磷的研究及运行策略

针对城镇污水厂运行过程中出现的问题(进水水质复杂、pH超标,造成NH3-N去除效率极低及某A/O工艺污水厂出水TP波动),进行了强化生物硝化和除磷的试验研究,得出了污水厂的运行控制策略,同时分析了A2/O工艺的运行模式对生物除磷的影响。     

混合气体直接吸附分离回收过程研究

以精密陶瓷制造过程中排放的甲苯和异丙醇混合气体为目标气体,采用4段活性炭吸附柱串联吸附实验方式研究了混合组分气体直接吸附分离回收的可行性.结果表明,异丙醇和甲苯这2种物性具有一定差异的物质在吸附床的长度方向存在明显的分层吸附现象.在表观气速0.42 m·s-1、异丙醇与甲苯入口浓度分别为477 mg·m-3和746 mg·m-3、吸附柱总长为26cm条件下,通气吸附798 min时,0～10 cm长度段炭层吸附甲苯量为184.5 mg·g-1,吸附异丙醇量为0 mg·g-1,而21～26 cm长度段炭层吸附甲苯量为0.92 mg·g-1,吸附异丙醇量为91.2 mg·g-1,通过分段再生回收分别得到了纯度99%以上的甲苯和异丙醇回收液.弱吸附质异丙醇在吸附过程中存在气相浓度增浓现象,该现象导致实验条件下部分活性炭层区域对异丙醇的吸附量提高了27%以上.通过多段串联吸附、分段再生回收的方式可以实现混合气体的直接吸附分离回收.     

UASB-SBR组合工艺在丙烯腈废水处理中的应用研究

针对丙烯腈污水处理场存在的问题,提出采用UASB—SBR组合工艺处理丙烯腈废水的新工艺,并进行试验和讨论,获得了试验基础数据,为该厂丙烯腈污水处理装置技术改造提供技术支持。     

过滤式碳纤维电极消毒效果比较与机理研究

过滤式电极消毒作为一种安全、高效的新型消毒技术备受关注,然而目前使用的电极材料比较单一,且稳定性和高效性难以兼备,制约了该技术的设备化发展.本文采用过滤式消毒方式,考察了几种高孔隙率的导电碳纤维毡的消毒效果.结果表明,碳纤维毡电极具有优异的消毒能力,活性碳纤维电极可在几伏的电压下使细菌死亡,与传统电化学消毒相比,电压降低了1~2个数量级.其中A-PCF(聚丙烯腈基活性碳纤维)电极在外接电压2 V,水力停留时间2 s时即可对大肠杆菌菌液实现6.5log的去除.当外接电压≤2 V时,流出物中未检测到氯,pH保持不变,排除了电化学产物的影响.A-PCF可作为过滤式电极消毒的优选电极材料.     

加载嵌合技术在炼油废水处理中的应用

叙述了加载嵌合工艺的特点,将其应用于齐鲁石化胜利炼油厂含盐污水处理系统中,试验表明:在传统的絮凝沉降工艺中引入的加载物磁粉,强化了絮凝、沉降效果,对胶体、悬浮物、大分子有机物和微生物残体等有很好的处理效果;且加载嵌合装置所产生的污泥全部经由叠螺式污泥脱水机脱水处理,不产生二次污染。     

南通沿海潮间带土-气界面CO2交换特征

选择南通协兴港附近裸露潮滩,使用便携式土壤通量测量系统开展潮间带湿地CO₂通量监测,研究无植被覆盖条件下潮间带碳通量特征及其影响因素的关系.实验结果表明,各潮滩CO₂固定水平表现为高潮带 < 中潮带 < 低潮带.低潮带叶绿素a含量较高,对CO₂的吸收能力较强,而高潮带有机碳含量高,微生物呼吸作用释放的CO₂通量较高,研究区整体上表现为对CO₂净吸收.此外,CO₂净固定通量随土壤有机碳含量和落潮时间增加而下降,与土壤叶绿素a含量和地下水位关系密切.研究成果对于明确人类活动对江苏沿海潮间带裸露光滩碳循环的影响具有重要意义.     

A comprehensive classification method for VOC emission sources to tackle air pollution based on VOC species reactivity and emission amounts

In China, volatile organic compound(VOC) control directives have been continuously released and implemented for important sources and regions to tackle air pollution. The corresponding control requirements were based on VOC emission amounts(EA), but never considered the significant differentiation of VOC species in terms of atmospheric chemical reactivity. This will adversely influence the effect of VOC reduction on air quality improvement. Therefore,this study attempted to develop a comprehensive classification method for typical VOC sources in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region(BTH), by combining the VOC emission amounts with the chemical reactivities of VOC species. Firstly, we obtained the VOC chemical profiles by measuring 5 key sources in the BTH region and referencing another 10 key sources, and estimated the ozone formation potential(OFP) per ton VOC emission for these sources by using the maximum incremental reactivity(MIR) index as the characteristic of source reactivity(SR). Then, we applied the data normalization method to respectively convert EA and SR to normalized EA(NEA) and normalized SR(NSR) for various sources in the BTH region.Finally, the control index(CI) was calculated, and these sources were further classified into four grades based on the normalized CI(NCI). The study results showed that in the BTH region,furniture coating, automobile coating, and road vehicles are characterized by high NCI and need to be given more attention; however, the petro-chemical industry, which was designated as an important control source by air quality managers, has a lower NCI.     

UASB法处理城市生活垃圾焚烧场渗滤液

垃圾焚烧场的渗滤液具有pH低、污染成分复杂、COD_(Cr)浓度高、可生化性好等特点。本研究探索了UASB法处理焚烧场渗滤液时的快速启动方法,考察了水力停留时间、容积负荷对COD_(Cr)去除率的影响及产气量与COD_(Cr)去除率的关系,结果表明,在水力停留时间6d、容积负荷5kg/(m3.d)的情况下,COD_(Cr)去除率可达到93%,每升原水产气量可达22.5L,折合热值492.7kJ。