催化湿式氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的研究

以非贵金属Cu、Fe、Mn和Ce为主要活性成分和TiO2、γ-Al2O3为载体，制备了10种用于催化湿式氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的催化剂。考察了载体、焙烧温度、成分配比对催化剂催化活性与稳定性的影响，研究了氧气分压、催化剂投加量、反应温度和反应时间对催化湿式氧化过程的影响规律。结果表明：（1）Fe-Mn／γ-Al2O3（3：1：1）催化剂是催化湿式氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的可选催化剂；（2）适宜的氧气供应量为理论需氧量的3．4～4．6倍。催化剂的投加量以10g／L为佳；在300℃下反应30min或在280℃下反应60min,处理水可达到污水综合排放标准GB9878—1996的三级标准。     

氯代二恶英微生物降解性的初步探讨

本研究通过分离和筛选，从氯苯生产车间附近土壤和施用五氯酚除草剂的湖泊底泥中选出八支菌株，均能降解一氯代二恶英，３周内最多可降解４５％，但随氯取代数的增加而降解能力减弱，多数菌株不能降解三氯代二恶英，选择邻二氯苯为共代谢物的初级营养物，４１号株３周内可降解３３％三氯代苯基二恶英，说明选择适当的共代谢物，可改善微生物对高氯代二恶英的降解性。     

土壤砷的环境基准研究

本文论述了砷在土壤中的分布和存在形态,探讨了土壤砷环境基准值的确定依据。考虑到土壤性质等的影响,应用国内的研究成果,确定了土壤砷的环境基准值。     

Biosorption of Direct Black 38 by dried anaerobic granular sludge

The biosorption of Direct Black 38 by dried anaerobic granular sludge in a batch system under specific temperatures and initial pH was investigated. The adsorption reaction is pH dependent with higher removal at low pH. The adsorption equilibrium data fit very well with both Langmuir and Freundlich models in the concentration range of Direct Black 38 at all chosen temperatures. The adsorption parameters show that the adsorption of Direct Black 38 is an endothermic and more effective process at high temperatures. The kinetics of adsorption was found to be second order and adsorption rate constants increased with increasing temperature. Activation energy was determined as 26.8 kJ/mol for the process. This suggests that the adsorption of Direct Black 38 by dried anaerobic granular sludge is chemically controlled.     

Improvement of detection method of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in reclaimed water

Cryptosporidium and Giardia are two typical species of pathogenic protozoans that seriously endanger water quality. Previous works indicated that detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia with modified United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) method-1623 using a membrane filtration-elution for sample concentration attained better recovery and lower cost compared to the USEPA method-1623. Several improvements of membrane filtration-elution step as well as immunomagnetic separation (IMS) steps were investigated and an optimized method for detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater reclamation system was recommended in this paper. The experimental results show that an overnight soak of the membrane after scraping and vortex agitation before elution could enhance and stabilize the recovery. Increasing turbidity to 4 NTU by adding kaolin clay before filtration could effectively improve the recovery of low-turbidity water. Washing the concentrate after centrifugation and twice acid dissociation both reduced the impact of water quality to protozoan recovery. Protozoans in different water samples were determined by this optimized method, and the recovery of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were above 70% and 80% respectively, much higher than the acceptance of method-1623. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(12): 2547–2552 [译自: 环境科学]     

新型膜-生物反应器中膜丝长度对临界通量的影响

为了优化膜-生物反应器中的膜组件长度,考察了4组不同长度膜组件(膜丝长度为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.7m)在不同曝气量下的临界通量区.试验结果发现,曝气强度相同时,膜丝长度为0.4m膜组件的临界通量区高于膜丝长度为0.2m、0.6m和0.7m的膜组件,说明膜丝长度存在最优值;膜组件中膜丝长度相同时,曝气强度越大临界通量区越高.膜丝(膜组件)长度对临界通量产生影响主要体现在2方面:一是膜丝长度的变化会改变膜丝上局部通量的非均匀分布状况;二是曝气气泡对不同长度膜丝的冲刷作用不同.应用局部通量分布方程模拟了清洁膜丝上局部通量的分布状况;结果表明,膜丝长度越长,沿膜丝长度方向的局部通量分布越不均匀,则膜组件的临界通量越小.从曝气气泡对膜丝的冲刷作用看,相同曝气量下膜组件(即膜丝)长度越长,形成的气泡越大,在大气泡的作用下膜丝更易于摇摆和震动以达到减轻膜表面污染物沉积的效果,即可能达到的临界通量越大.因此,对于减轻膜污染而言,即得到最高的临界通量区,膜丝(膜组件)长度存在最优值.     

染料行业节能减排实践

染料生产是高耗能、高污染行业,探索染料行业的节能减排途径是当前非常重要、紧迫的任务。以某偶氮染料生产企业为例,通过对其推行清洁生产审核,发现企业节能减排空间。从清洁生产工艺、设备改造、废物回收利用、余热回收、能源管理5方面来实现企业的节能减排,促进企业的可持续发展,对我国染料行业的节能减排工作有一定的借鉴作用。     

运用基于熵权的属性识别模型评价三明段沙溪河水质

将熵值法与属性识别模型相结合,运用熵值法来确定权重系数,建立基于熵权的属性识别模型,利用此模型,并根据2007年上半年度沙溪河各监测点的资料,进行对整治后的沙溪河的水质评价。评价结果表明,2007年三明段沙溪河水质总体高于Ⅲ类水质;与2000年以前沙溪河水质（2000年以前很多处水质低于Ⅲ类水,特别是三明市城区那段）相比,说明最近几年的沙溪河水质状况有了很大的改善,河流整治工作基本到位。最后对沙溪河水质污染的防治措施提出了初步建议。     

Response of growth, photosynthesis and photoinhibition of the edible cyanobacterium Nostoc sphaeroides colonies to thiobencarb herbicide

Effects of thiobencarb on growth, photosynthesis and photoinhibition of Nostoc sphaeroides colonies were examined. Thiobencarb concentrations higher than 2 mg/l led to a significant decrease in phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin content, but no significant effect on chlorophyll a (chl a) content. Biomass yield, protein content and photosynthetic rate were reduced only in the highest thiobencarb concentration (10 mg/l). Colonies exposed to high thiobencarb dose (10 mg/l) were more sensitive to high light than those exposed to the control and 4 mg/l thiobencarb. Dim light induced recovery from photoinhibition to more great extent in colonies grown in the control and 4 mg/l thiobencarb than 10 mg/l thiobencarb. Darkness resulted in a insignificant recovery regardless of thiobencarb treatments.     

Modeling faults among e-bike-related fatal crashes in China

Objectives: This article aims to model fault in e-bike fatal crashes in a county-level city in China.

Method: Three-year crash data are retrieved from the crash reports (2012–2014) from the Taixing Police Department. A mixed logit model is introduced to explore significant factors associated with fault assignment, as well as accounting for similarity among fault assignment and heterogeneity within unobserved variables.

Results: The modeling results indicate some interesting new findings. First, precrash behaviors of both drivers and e-bike riders are found to be significant to fault assignment. Second, bike lane and median type are significantly associated with e-bike rider fault commitment. Third, specific groups of e-bike riders (low-educated and older) and drivers (heavy good vehicles) are more likely to be at fault in e-bike crashes. Last, crash location and the built environment have significant correlations with faulty behaviors of e-bike riders.

Conclusions: Safety countermeasures are proposed including (1) the deployment of traffic design and control elements including physically separated bike lanes, medians, video surveillance systems for e-bike riders, and left-turning treatments for nonmotorists (e.g., a 2-step e-bike left turning); (2) the amendment of the current traffic regulations on drunk e-bike riders and child e-bike passengers; (3) the development of a license system for specific e-bike rider groups (older and low-educated) and a safety campaign for drivers (to increase safety awareness when parking on-street or driving heavy good vehicles). Some interesting future research topics are also suggested: e-bike riders' behaviors at unsignalized intersections and mid-block openings, e-bike safety in suburban areas, and an in-depth study of the effect of the built environment on e-bike safety.