富马酸生产废水的资源化研究

用PCW-7-甲苯络合萃取剂处理富马酸废水,萃取液用碱液反萃回收,每立方米废水可回收9kg富马酸,其含量大于97％。研究了影响萃取效果的相关因素．确定了适宜的工艺条件。     

Levels,congener profile and inventory of polychlorinated biphenyls in sediment from the Songhua River in the vicinity of cement plant,China: a case study

This study investigated the contamination levels, homologue, and congener profiles and evaluated the residue inventory of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment of the Songhua River in the vicinity of cement plant. The total concentration of detected 35 PCB congeners ranged from 1.12 to 2.19 ng/g dry weight (dw) in sediment, with a mean value of 1.56 ng/g dw, and the concentration of PCBs decreased in the following order: the downstream?>?cement plant?>?upstream. The results of total organic carbon (TOC)-normalized PCB concentrations indicate that the sediments have low potential ecological risk in this area. The study results on homologue and congener of PCBs show that the emissions from cement production could be the major sources of PCBs in sediment, and the low-chlorinated PCBs will be exchanged among air, water, and sediment with increasing temperature during summer and flow to downstream with water during the wet season. The spatial density and total burden of PCBs in the surface sediments were 17.2 ng/cm² and 1.2 kg, respectively. To our knowledge, this study is the first to explore the pollution characteristics of unintentionally produced PCB emissions from cement industry by means of monitoring sediment samples.     

上流式厌氧污泥床反应器处理饮料废水

通过监测西安可口可乐饮料有限公司污水处理站的上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器,探讨饮料废水厌氧处理过程中COD去除率、沼气组分、氢分压、出水挥发性脂肪酸、产甲烷活性以及污泥形态。结果表明,UASB反应器对饮料废水中的COD去除率达到84.55%,产生的沼气中甲烷组分含量高达74.5%。反应器内的氢分压仅2.5 Pa,为水解发酵和产氢产乙酸过程创造了良好的条件。UASB反应器中污泥具有较高的产甲烷活性,以乙酸、丙酸和丁酸为基质时,最大比产甲烷活性分别为407.14、331.74和241.27 m L CH4/(g VSS·d)。UASB反应器中的污泥形态主要为絮状,甲烷菌中的优势菌为甲烷丝菌,同时存在少量甲烷杆菌。针对该厂UASB反应器中污泥的现状,提出了影响颗粒化的因素和控制措施,为后期的运行和管理提供了参考依据。     

污泥淋溶器的改进对重金属淋溶行为的影响

为增强污泥淋溶器固定污泥重金属的效果,降低其淋滤液中重金属含量从而更加安全地农业利用,在前期研究基础上对污泥淋溶器进行了改进,实验不同高度开孔和在污泥中间垂直放置黑网两个改进措施。研究表明,距淋溶器底部2 cm处开孔,污泥淋滤液的Cd和Cu总量显著低于底部开孔(原始污泥淋溶器)。淋溶器底部2 cm形成厌(缺)氧层使得下层硫化物态Zn、Cd和Cu含量显著高于孔的上层,提高了污泥重金属的生物稳定性。添加中间黑网可显著降低污泥淋滤液Cu总量。上述污泥淋溶器的两个改进措施均可有效固定污泥中某些重金属,减小污泥淋滤液重金属累计总量,促进污泥淋滤液更安全农用。     

预酸化下营养剂添加量对生物沥浸处理洗毛废水的影响

洗毛废水是洗毛生产工艺排出的兼具高COD、高悬浮固体浓度、高色度、难固液分离等典型特征,且对环境存在潜在污染的一类工业废水。通过摇瓶实验,研究了预酸化条件下,生物沥浸技术对洗毛废水的处理效果。结果表明,当洗毛废水经预酸化至p H 5.5、营养剂浓度≥4 g/L、回流比例为1∶1的情况下,3个批次实验内复合菌群生物沥浸过程稳定,洗毛废水能够很好地完成生物沥浸过程。反应结束后体系p H稳定在3.0左右,COD去除率高达90%以上,色度由原来的1 875倍降到20倍,沉淀中油脂去除率高于65%,且比阻降低至原来的0.2%~0.3%。而在对照处理中,体系p H值稳定在8.0左右,COD去除率小于10%,油脂去除率不足10%,洗毛废水比阻仅降低20%。因此,采用预酸化及生物沥浸作用有利于洗毛废水酸化处理的连续运行并具有良好的应用前景。     

Fered-Fenton法处理石化废水反渗透浓水

以Ti金属网为阴极、Ti负载RuO2金属网为阳极,构建Fered-Fenton反应系统,处理石化废水反渗透膜法浓水.考察H2O2浓度、Fe2+浓度、初始pH值和电流密度等因素对废水处理效果的影响,并分析了废水可生化性及污染物降解规律.结果表明,在H2O2浓度为75.0 mmol/L,Fe2+浓度为7.5 mmol/L,初始pH值为3.0,电流密度为5.1 mA/cm2的条件下,反应120 min后废水TOC可由198.2 mg/L降到99.6 mg/L,有机污染物矿化率达到49.7％,BOD5/COD由0.11提高至0.31,废水可生化性明显改善.三维荧光光谱(EEM)分析结果表明,Fered-Fenton法对废水中类蛋白、类富里酸等荧光有机物去除率达到66.7％,该类大分子难降解有机物的氧化降解有利于改善废水可生化性,为进一步的生化处理创造了良好的条件.     

基于粒度分布的活性污泥胞外聚合物提取及凝聚特性分析

胞外聚合物(EPS)在活性污泥的凝聚及结构方面起着重要的作用。现有研究一般根据分离难易程度及空间分布,将EPS分为溶解型EPS(SEPS),松散结合型EPS(LB-EPS)和紧密结合型EPS(TB-EPS)。本研究提出了根据EPS功能进行分类的概念,将EPS分为絮体EPS(extra-microcolony polymeric substances,EMPS)和菌胶团EPS(extra-cellular polymeric substances,ECPS)。以活性污泥粒度分布的演变为基础,采用阳离子交换树脂法作为一次提取法,甲醛加碱法和超声-高速离心法2种方法分别作为二次提取法,对EMPS和ECPS进行分离提取,并对其功能及凝聚特性进行分析。结果显示,阳离子交换树脂法可有效提取EMPS,而超声-高速离心法可有效提取ECPS。ECPS比EMPS含有更多的蛋白质和多糖,且ECPS比EMPS具有更强的疏水性。此外,EMPS和ECPS都表现出较强的带负电特性。结果表明,活性污泥絮体层级和菌胶团层级的聚合力不同,絮体层级的絮凝主要由二价阳离子的桥联作用引起,而菌胶团层级的凝聚则是由疏水作用等其他作用力引起。     

污染土壤胶体释放特征及其对锌运移的作用

污染土壤样品采自辽宁省某炼锌企业周边农田.通过室内土柱淋溶实验,研究不同pH和离子强度下土壤胶体的释放特征以及对重金属Zn在土壤中运移的作用.结果表明,土壤胶体的释放均呈现先逐渐增强而后渐弱,并趋于稳定.pH和离子强度对土壤胶体的释放有明显的影响,弱酸(pH=6)条件最有利土壤中胶体的释放,其次是中性(pH=7)和碱性(pH=9)条件,在强酸(pH=4)条件下最弱.随离子强度增加,土壤中胶体的释放能力逐渐减弱.淋出液中胶体结合态Zn浓度均超过总Zn浓度的50％,且淋出液中的总Zn浓度与胶体的浓度相关性显著.经SPSS分析,pH=4、6、7和9时,该线性相关系数r分别为0.749、0.948、0.966和0.927,呈极显著相关关系.钙离子强度为0.001、0.01、0.1和0.5mmol/L时,相关系数r分别为0.921、0.895、0.947和0.907,也呈现极显著相关关系.说明土壤地下水中Zn的运移主要受胶体释放的控制.     

Large eddy simulation of flow and scalar transport in a vegetated channel

Predicting flow and mass transport in vegetated regions has a broad range of applications in ecology and engineering practice. This paper presents large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent flow and scalar transport within a fully developed open-channel with submerged vegetation. To properly represent the scalar transport, an additional diffusivity was introduced within the canopy to account for the contribution of stem wakes, which were not resolved by the LES, to turbulent diffusion. The LES produced good agreement with the velocity and concentration fields measured in a flume experiment. The simulation revealed a secondary flow distributed symmetrically about the channel centerline, which differed significantly from the circulation in a bare channel. The secondary circulation accelerated the vertical spread of the plume both within and above the canopy layer. Quadrant analysis was used to identify the form and shape of canopy-scale turbulent structures within and above the vegetation canopy. Within the canopy, sweep events contributed more to momentum transfer than ejection events, whereas the opposite occurred above the canopy. The coherent structures were similar to those observed in terrestrial canopies, but smaller in scale due to the constraint of the water surface.     

Kinetic Analysis of the Temperature Effect on Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haloferax mediterranei</Emphasis> in Synthetic Molasses Wastewater

Haloferax mediterranei is an extremely halophilic archaeon that is able to synthesize polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) in high salt environment with low sterility demand. In this study, a mathematical model was validated and calibrated for describing the kinetic behavior of H. mediterranei at 15, 20, 25, and 35 °C in synthetic molasses wastewater. Results showed that the production of PHA by H. mediterranei, ranging from 390 to 620 mg h^?1 L^?1, was strongly dependent on the temperature. The specific growth rate (µ _max), specific substrate utilization rate (q _max), and specific decay rate (k _d) of H. mediterranei increased with temperature following Arrhenius equation prediction. The estimated activation energy was 58.31, 25.59, and 22.38 kJ mol^?1 for the process of cell growth, substrate utilization, and cell decay of H. mediterranei, respectively. The high temperature triggered the increased PHA storage even without nitrogen limitation. Thus, working at high temperatures seems a good strategy for improving the PHA productivity of H. mediterranei.