Analysis of regional and temporal characteristics of PM10 during an Asian dust episode in Korea

This study analyzes the regional and temporal distributions of PM10 concentrations observed in major metropolitan cities in Korea before, during and after a recent Asian dust episode in 2002. There were spatial and temporal variations in PM10 concentrations among the mid-western, the southwestern, the southeastern, and the southern parts of Korea during this Asian dust period due to the different air mass movement time and the different wind directions and speeds of prevailing winds in each city or region. The origins of the three-day Asian dust episode were identified by an analysis of two-day backward isentropic air trajectories. The different origins for each day also significantly contributed to the spatial and temporal variations in PM10 concentrations. A significant relationship was found between PM10 concentrations on the day preceding the first peak day and the first peak day of the Asian dust period but only in the mid-western areas. The concentrations of PM10 just after the Asian dust episode were much higher than those just before. There was a significant increase in a coarse fraction, having soil origins, of particles during the Asian dust episode. Concentrations of Mn, Fe, Ni and Cr extracted from the total suspended particulate (TSP) samples collected in 7 cities during the Asian dust episode were much higher when compared with other days in 2001. However, the Asian dust did not consistently increase the concentrations of lead, cadmium and copper as they are influenced by local sources such as local traffic or industrial emissions.     

Adsorption of branched alkylbenzene sulfonate onto styrene and acrylic ester resins

In this study, a series of acrylic ester resins were prepared and characterized. The adsorption behaviors of sodium 6-dodecyl benzenesulfonate (6-NaDBS) on styrene resin XAD-4 and acrylic ester resins have been studied. As compared to commercial acrylic ester resins Amberlite XAD-7 and Diaion HP2MG, YWB-38, one of the as-prepared resins, exhibits better adsorption properties toward 6-NaDBS. The experimental equilibrium data were fitted to the Langmuir and double-Langmuir models. The two models provide very good fit for all acrylic ester resins over the temperature range studied, whereas fitted results for styrene resin XAD-4 are less accurate. The investigation indicates that the adsorbate molecules are directly adsorbed on acrylic ester resins as a bi-layer, while the molecules are adsorbed on XAD-4 as monolayer formation followed by the establishment of bi-layer. Adsorption kinetics and elution processes were also investigated for further exploring the adsorption behavior and mechanism on styrene resin XAD-4 and YWB-38.     

"三大定律"警示基层安全管理工作

近两年来,频繁发生的"12·23重庆井喷"、"4·15重庆天原化工厂氯气泄漏"、"吉化11·13苯泄露事件"等等安全事故,让人触目惊心.从这些事故原因中,我们不难看到钻井作业卸掉"防喷阀"、危险化学品车辆押运员"逃逸"、化工厂职工现场"处置不当"等不安全状态(侥幸心理和麻痹大意思想)是导致这些事故发生的直接原因.我们安全管理人员在分析以上事故原因,吸取惨痛教训的同时,不能忽视事故发生的规律,并且应注重"安全管理三大定律"对基层安全管理和安全培训教育工作的启示.     

现代城市居住区的防盗安全问题研究

针对现代城市居住区防盗安全问题日益突出的情况,从住宅建筑方面入手,对城市居住区的防盗安全问题进行研究分析,并提出相应的解决措施.其中分别对住宅建筑的窗、住宅平立面、阳台、住宅楼梯间、雨篷、管道和空调主机七个细节部位进行了防盗分析;在安全设计时充分考虑各个细节部位之间的联系,本着"相互促进,相辅相成"的原则,对它们的整体布局、安放位置和尺寸等方面提出了改进方案,并实施了防盗安全设计.     

Al13形态在混凝中的作用机制

从铝的水解形态转化角度考察了铝盐在高碱度和高有机物浓度水体中的混凝行为.结果表明,铝盐的混凝效能是与混凝过程中的Al₁₃含量成正比.高投药量时氯化铝(AlCl₃)既可以有效调节水体pH值又能在混凝过程中原位水解产生较多的Al₁₃形态,因而混凝效能要高于聚合氯化铝(PACl).在铝盐混凝中,调节pH值到6～7之间可以控制铝形态分布从而达到提高混凝效能和减少残留铝的目的.在调节pH值强化混凝的方法中使用传统铝盐的效果要好于无机高分子絮凝剂.     

低压下聚乙烯绝缘层导线火蔓延熔融滴落实验分析

低压导线火蔓延的研究对于飞机和航天器的防火安全具有重要意义。针对镍铬合金线芯、聚乙烯(PE)绝缘层导线火蔓延过程中的熔融滴落现象,在低压舱内开展了不同气压、不同氧气浓度的大量实验研究,获得了导线熔融滴落频率、质量和火蔓延速度,以及不同氧浓度熔融滴落的上下限。结果表明:(1)在熔融滴落过程中,由于滴落会产生向上的动量,从而使火焰在滴落后发生突然的"跳动"现象,火焰高度先增加后降低;(2)滴落上限和滴落下限随着氧浓度的增加而降低,并且可以划分为3个不同的区域:火蔓延仅存区;滴落和火蔓延共存区;无滴落无火蔓延区。滴落上限和滴落下限下降曲线在50%氧浓度、5kPa压力发生会合,此后只有火蔓延而不存在滴落现象。(3)当压力降低时,由于线芯温度增加,线芯传导热量增加,导致绝缘层熔融速率加快,从而使得滴落频率增加,同时液滴的表面张力随着压力的降低而增加,使得低压下液滴的质量变大。     

插板对正庚烷油池火燃烧行为的影响研究

海上石油泄漏常规的处理方法是原位燃烧,加速其燃烧并使其燃尽是降低其对生态环境影响的重要措施之一。以正庚烷为燃料,在油池内插入竖直铝板,研究不同高度铝板对池火燃烧行为的影响。结果表明,插板对池火燃烧速率以及火焰高度具有明显的增强作用,随着板的高度的增加,增强作用先增大后减小,当H_p/D(板高与油池直径之比)为3.5时,增强作用最大。火焰高度、板的温度、热通量以及燃烧速率的变化趋势一致,它们的临界点均在H_p/D=3.5附近。插板后燃烧速率增大主要是因为插板自身的热传导导致了燃料的核态沸腾,使燃料接受的热反馈增大,从而加快了燃料的蒸发,增大了燃烧速率。     

隧道内偏置火源顶棚近壁面温度边界层效应研究

基于隧道火灾不同横向火源位置的非对称卷吸影响,通过模拟计算分析了中心火源和偏置火源产生的烟气沿纵向最大温升变化规律,研究了顶棚下方近壁面区域内的不同温度分布,提出偏置火源纵向空间最大顶棚温升公式。结果表明:在壁面黏性作用下,沿纵向蔓延的烟气最高温度在顶棚下方呈现“温度边界层”分布;随着火源位置的偏移,下游出现偏置距离起主导作用影响温度衰减的区域,衰减速度相较于中心火源逐渐降低;火源下游近壁面最高温度位置逐渐远离顶棚后趋于稳定。研究结果对于排烟方式的设计以及空间通风效果的提升有着重要意义。     

烟气自通道向中厅大空间扩散的实验研究

热烟气由单室经通道向中厅大空间溢流是受限空间火灾中重用的排烟通风问题，它在火场新鲜空气补充及火势向未燃区的蔓延过程中起着重要的作用，而且对火灾的监测、扑救及避险逃生有着重要的意义。本文的实验测量了通道向大空间溢流的准稳态温度场和速度场，得到了出口溢流平均速度与火源功率之间的关系式。实验结果表明：通道出口的热烟气溢流可以近似地认为是二维湍浮力射流，采用二维射流模型可以改进已有的烟气溢流计算方法、提高工程计算的准确度，这对火灾安全工程具有实用意义。     

外源性污染对太湖梅梁湾水质影响的定量化

通过太湖的水量水质数学模型,模拟了梅梁湾内主要的入湖污染源———直湖港、武进港和梁溪河排入的污染物质的迁移、转化规律;分析了梅梁湾中梅园、小湾里、闾江口、拖山4个监测点水质浓度受直湖港、武进港和梁溪河排污影响程度的大小;并分别建立了监测点污染物浓度与排污口排污量的响应关系曲线和响应关系表达式。通过这些结论可以方便的定量的计算出在排污口排污量发生变化的情况下监测点水质浓度的变化量,为合理控制外源污染物质的入湖量提供了技术支持。