Three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model for TMDL development of Lake Fuxian, China

Lake Fuxian is the largest deep freshwater lake in China. Although its average water quality meets Class I of the China National Water Quality Standard (CNWQS), i.e., GB3838-2002, monitoring data indicate that the water quality approaches the Class II threshold in some areas. Thus it is urgent to reduce the watershed load through the total maximum daily load (TMDL) program. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model was developed for Lake Fuxian, simulating flow circulation and pollutant fate and transport. The model development process consists of several steps, including grid generation, initial and boundary condition configurations, and model calibration processes. The model accurately reproduced the observed water surface elevation, spatiotemporal variations in temperature, and total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations, suggesting a reasonable numerical representation of the prototype system for further TMDL analyses. The TMDL was calculated using two interpretations of the water quality standards for Class I of the CNWQS based on the maximum instantaneous surface and annual average surface water concentrations. Analysis of the first scenario indicated that the TN, TP and COD loads should be reduced by 66%, 68% and 57%, respectively. Water quality was the highest priority; however, local economic development and cost feasibility for load reduction can pose significant issues. In the second interpretation, the model results showed that, under the existing conditions, the average water quality meets the Class I standard and therefore load reduction is unnecessary. Future studies are needed to conduct risk and cost assessments for realistic decision-making.     

Ultrafine particle emission characteristics of diesel engine by on-board and test bench measurement

This study investigated the emission characteristics of ultrafine particles based on test bench and on-board measurements. The bench test results showed the ultrafine particle number concentration of the diesel engine to be in the range of (0.56-8.35) × 10⁸ cm^-3. The on-board measurement results illustrated that the ultrafine particles were strongly correlated with changes in real-world driving cycles. The particle number concentration was down to 2.0 × 10⁶ cm^-3 and 2.7 × 10⁷ cm^-3 under decelerating and idling operations and as high as 5.0 × 10⁸ cm^-3 under accelerating operation. It was also indicated that the particle number measured by the two methods increased with the growth of engine load at each engine speed in both cases. The particle number presented a "U" shaped distribution with changing speed at high engine load conditions, which implies that the particle number will reach its lowest level at medium engine speeds. The particle sizes of both measurements showed single mode distributions. The peak of particle size was located at about 50-80 nm in the accumulation mode particle range. Nucleation mode particles will significantly increase at low engine load operations like idling and decelerating caused by the high concentration of unburned organic compounds.     

Responses of protists with different feeding habits to the changes of activated sludge conditions: A study based on biomass data

Changes of protists, which were categorized into different functional groups primarily according to their feeding habits, in two full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems experiencing sludge bulking were investigated over a period of 14 months. Protist biomass represented 3.7% to 5.2% of total biomass on average under normal sludge conditions, and the percentage increased significantly (p < 0.05) under sludge bulking conditions. The biomass of Chilodonella spp., capable of eating filamentous bacteria, tended to decrease in both systems when sludge bulking occurred, showing that the abnormal growth of filamentous bacteria did not lead to a biomass bloom of this group of protists. On the other hand, the bactivorous protists represented more than 96% of total protist biomass, and the biomass of this group, particularly the attached ciliates, increased significantly (p < 0.05) when sludge bulking occurred. The significant increase of the attached ciliates may have possibly facilitated the growth of filamentous bacteria through selectively preying on non-filamentous bacteria and further exacerbated sludge bulking. The redundancy analysis and correlation analysis results showed that the biomass changes of the attached ciliates were primarily related to the sludge volume index and to some extent related to five-day biochemical oxygen demand loading and hydraulic retention time.     

实时合成水滑石分离模拟放射性核素锶的研究

采用实时合成水滑石的方法从高放废液中分离模拟放射性核素锶,通过单因素实验并借助XRD分析确定了最佳分离实验条件,同时,运用FTIR、SEM等技术手段对合成的含锶水滑石的结构、形貌进行了分析.结果表明,当Sr2+初始浓度为70mg.L-1、pH值为10.5、n(Mg+Sr)/n(Al)为3时,锶的去除率最高可达95%以上;XRD和SEM分析结果表明,锶嵌入了水滑石的晶格中,合成的含锶水滑石形貌为层状六边形;含锶水滑石煅烧产物主要为尖晶石,且煅烧产物中未见氧化锶,表明嵌入到水滑石晶格中的锶在煅烧后存在于尖晶石的晶体结构中.     

1980—2010年温榆河的水环境质量时空演变特征

以温榆河流域的主要超标污染物 COD 和氨氮为研究对象,通过历史数据和现场调查,系统研究了1980—2010年间温榆河的水环境质量时空演变特征.结果表明,温榆河流域水环境质量经历了清洁-污染-重度污染-污染遏制的过程,但水质现状均不达标;温榆河流域水环境质量好坏依次是上段>下段,温榆河>坝河>清河,并且Pearson相关分析表明,温榆河下段COD和NH+4-N浓度主要受清河影响;温榆河流域COD污染逐步遏制(超标倍数<1)、NH+4-N污染凸显(超标倍数8～20),耗氧物质处于从COD为主向NH+4-N为主转换的阶段;支流清河和坝河不仅是温榆河干流入河污染负荷的首要输入途径,而且支流上污水集中处理设施的排水是温榆河干流的首要补给来源(70.1%),其运行状况与升级改造对改善温榆河水环境质量至关重要.     

基于SOM和多元分析的滇池沉积物污染特征空间模式研究

联合运用层次聚类分析(HCA)、判别分析(DA)和自组织映射神经网络(SOM)3种数值方法,对滇池2008—2010年17个底泥监测点位(10个常规点位及7个新增点位)9种污染物进行空间差异性和相似性分析,并评价各指标在空间的分布特征及监测点代表性.结果表明:滇池沉积物整体污染程度为草海>外海中部及南部>外海北部.As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn污染最严重的点位是断桥;草海中心的凯氏氮污染最严重,其他指标污染水平仅次于断桥;Cr和TP污染最严重的点位是新增点位盘龙江2;海埂是全局污染最轻的点位.现有的常规监测点位对整体污染特征的代表性较弱,建议取消异质性最低的白鱼口、观音山西、观音山东和罗家营站点;考虑污染特征和监测点位空间分布的均匀性,建议将盘龙江2、海埂和马料河设为常规监测点位.     

地质封存中CO_2盐水溶液的表观摩尔体积模型

在现有CO2盐水溶液密度模型的基础上,根据CO2地下盐水溶液密度实验数据,考虑了温度、压力和CO2质量分数三个参数的影响,建立了CO2盐水溶液的表观摩尔体积模型。模型结果表明该模型能在30~50℃、10~20 MPa温压范围内准确预测CO2在盐水溶液中的表观摩尔体积,将预测结果与实验数据进行对比发现最大相对误差为0.25%,平均相对误差为0.1%,模型预测精度明显高于现有的CO2盐水溶液表观摩尔体积模型,为CO2地下盐水层封存提供了必要的基础。     

厌氧氨氧化电子受体的研究

在无机条件下,以该课题组已经培养出来的厌氧氨氧化污泥作为接种污泥,分别以硫酸盐、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐为电子受体来研究氨的氧化反应。从去除速率的角度来看,以NO2--N、NO3--N和SO42--S为电子受体的反应器,分别在运行的第24.5天、40天和31天时达到0.030 0 kg/(m.3d)NH4+-N去除速率,则氧化氨的能力由大到小依次是:亚硝酸盐>硫酸盐>硝酸盐;从标准吉布斯自由能变化来看,3种反应都是可以发生的;以亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反应过程是一个消耗酸度的生物过程,而以硫酸盐为电子受体的反应过程是一个消耗碱度的生物过程。     

内配燃料垃圾焚烧飞灰烧结无害化处理实验研究

研究了一种垃圾焚烧飞灰烧结无害化处理的工艺,该工艺是将飞灰与不同比例煤粉混合并添加助熔剂进行造粒烧结。通过对试样进行热流和热重测量,分析了飞灰试样在加热过程中热重变化的规律,并利用XRD、扫描电镜、氮吸附分析仪等仪器分析手段对烧结试样的物相、微观形态和孔隙特性等物理化学性质进行了研究。最后采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪对烧结试样重金属浸出性进行了分析。实验结果为飞灰烧结炉的设计和内配燃料烧结工艺运行参数的制定提供了依据。     

CF8611/AC531复合材料的实验室加速老化行为研究

目的获得CFRP的老化行为规律,研究紫外辐照、温度和湿度等环境因素的影响,方法以湿热效应和光氧老化的等量、等效损伤为原则,确定实验室加速老化环境谱编制方法。以CF8611/AC531复合材料为对象,依据确定的加速老化试验方案,开展加速老化试验,观察其微观形貌,并测量开路电位和动电位极化曲线。结果老化前,CFRP表面完整无裂纹,碳纤维/树脂界面结合良好;老化后,树脂基体出现裂纹和孔洞,同时界面遭到破坏。极化曲线随着老化时间的增长会向右下方移动,自腐蚀电位微降,幅度为0.0326 V,自腐蚀电流密度增长了近1621倍。结论加速老化导致表面碳纤维裸露面积不断增大,时间越长,破坏作用越明显,实际使用中应防止其与金属直接接触。